世界航海天文鐘製造商：附製造商與工匠詳盡名錄
已更新：10月6日
中文書名：世界航海天文鐘製造商：附製造商與工匠詳盡名錄
英文書名：Chronometer Makers of the World: With Extensive List of Makers and Craftsmen
作者：Tony Mercer（湯尼・莫瑟）
出版單位：N.A.G. Press（N.A.G.出版社，Robert Hale Limited〔羅伯特・黑爾有限公司〕旗下出版品牌）
發行單位：Robert Hale Limited（羅伯特・黑爾有限公司）
出版日期：民國93年(2004)，修訂版；民國80年(1991)於英國首次出版
語言：英文
ISBN：978-0-7198-0340-6
規格：x＋301頁；約21.8 × 13.7 × 2.5公分；精裝，附護封；書中附黑白照片、彩色圖版、線圖及機械爆炸圖
出版地：英國倫敦
內容簡介
《世界航海天文鐘製造商：附製造商與工匠詳盡名錄》是Tony Mercer（湯尼・莫瑟）整理航海天文鐘發展史、製造者、工匠、機芯製造者與相關人物資料的專門工具書。本書並非僅從鐘錶技術角度介紹航海天文鐘，而是將其置於17、18世紀歐洲海權競爭、遠洋航行與經度測定的歷史背景中，說明精密計時器如何成為船舶在遠洋航行中確定經度的重要航海儀器。
全書前半部依序討論「Chronometer」一詞的形成與意義、製造者與零件上的識別標記及定年方式、止動式擒縱機構的起源、航海天文鐘的用途、John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）的研製工作、嘉慶10年(1805)英國海軍部計畫，以及航海科學與Mercer（莫瑟）航海天文鐘的發展。書中並以大量黑白及彩色照片介紹英國、法國、瑞士、美國、丹麥等地製造的航海天文鐘、航海計時器與甲板錶。
本書後半部具有很高的工具書價值。作者蒐集製造者、工匠、機架製造者、機芯製造者、航海光學儀器商、科學家與其他相關人員的姓名、工作地點、活動年代、產品序號及彼此間的供應關係，並設有Royal Observatory at Greenwich（格林威治皇家天文台）、英國各地工匠、參考書目、收藏航海天文鐘的主要博物館及海外參考資料等附錄。
書末另以「The Mercer Chronometer（莫瑟航海天文鐘）」完整爆炸圖說明Mercer（莫瑟）航海天文鐘的機芯、發條鼓、擒縱機構、擺輪、萬向環與木箱等零件，是兼具航海史、鐘錶史、實物辨識、製造年代考證與機械構造研究價值的專門著作。
作者簡介
Tony Mercer（湯尼・莫瑟）出身英國Thomas Mercer（湯瑪斯・莫瑟）航海天文鐘製造家族。原書護封將他介紹為英國長期延續之航海天文鐘製造者家族的後代；從作者序亦可看出，他長期研究航海天文鐘製造史、工匠分工、製造者、產品序號及相關產業資料。
Mercer（莫瑟）尤其重視過去鐘錶史著作中較少受到注意的外包工匠、游絲製作與調校人員、精修師、止動擒縱機構製造者、機架製造者、航海光學儀器商及零售商，並利用製造紀錄、工匠工作簿、British Admiralty（英國海軍部）紀錄、Greenwich Trials（格林威治測試）紀錄、商業名錄與鐘錶專業期刊，重建航海天文鐘產業的人物、製造關係與產品序號資料。
作者序亦提及其先前著作《Mercer Chronometers - Radical Tom Mercer and the House he Founded》（《莫瑟航海天文鐘：改革者湯姆・莫瑟與他所創立的公司》）。本書則將研究範圍擴大至世界各地的航海天文鐘製造者與相關工匠。
目錄
Acknowledgements — 致謝 …… iv
Foreword — 前言 …… v
Preface — 作者序 …… vii
History of the Word Chronometer — 「Chronometer」一詞的歷史 …… 1
Identification Marks and Dating — 識別標記與年代判定 …… 5
Origins of the Detent or Detached Escapement — 止動式或分離式擒縱機構的起源 …… 17
The Purpose of a Chronometer — 航海天文鐘的用途 …… 25
John Harrison – Maker Extraordinary — John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）：非凡的製造者 …… 31
The British Admiralty Plan of 1805 — 嘉慶10年(1805)英國海軍部計畫 …… 41
Two Great Names of the Nautical Sciences — 航海科學界的兩位重要人物 …… 49
Mercer Chronometers – Serial Numbers and Personalities — Mercer（莫瑟）航海天文鐘：序號與人物 …… 57
A Pictorial Guide to the International Chronometers — 世界各國航海天文鐘圖錄 …… 65
Abbreviations Used in List of Makers — 製造者名錄所用縮寫 …… 92
List of Makers and Craftsmen and Movement Makers — 製造者、工匠與機芯製造者名錄 …… 91
Appendices — 附錄
The Royal Observatory at Greenwich — 格林威治皇家天文台 …… 264
British Regional Craftsmen and Movement Makers — 英國各地工匠與機芯製造者 …… 269
Bibliography and References — 參考書目與資料來源 …… 282
Principal Museums Displaying Chronometers — 主要展出航海天文鐘的博物館 …… 285
Chronometer Frame Makers — 航海天文鐘機架製造者 …… 287
Names of Overseas References — 海外參考人員與資料來源名錄 …… 288
The Mercer Chronometer — Mercer（莫瑟）航海天文鐘 …… 293
Index — 索引 …… 297
Colour plates facing pages 6, 7, 38, 39, 54 and 55 — 彩色圖版置於第6、7、38、39、54及55頁對頁。
內容節錄
一、護封內容
護封正面原文
Chronometer Makers of the World
With Extensive List of Makers and Craftsmen
Tony Mercer
REVISED EDITION
正體中文翻譯
《世界航海天文鐘製造商》
附製造商與工匠詳盡名錄
Tony Mercer（湯尼・莫瑟）
修訂版
護封說明原文
Chronometer Makers of the World
The development of the chronometer is irrevocably linked to the intense rivalry and war among the British, French, Dutch and Spanish in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for domination of the seas to protect their trading vessels and expand their empires. Every ship’s captain had the same problem: at sea, he could not establish his position within hundreds of miles to the east or west. The best solution seemed to be a clock to calculate how much the Earth had turned and thus accurately establish longitude. It would have to be as accurate on a pitching and tossing sailing ship as a precision pendulum clock on shore.
Each nation offered inducements to inventors. In 1714 the British government put up prizes totalling £45,000, worth over £2m today. The sum of £20,000 was eventually won by a Yorkshire clockmaking genius whose first trade was carpentry. Over the years that followed, marine chronometers were developed and produced in large numbers. They are all collectors’ items today.
For many years Tony Mercer, grandson of the most enduring English maker, has studied and collected a huge amount of information about these remarkable instruments that enabled explorers and the Royal Navy to map the world, the Navy to police it, and merchant venturers to sail in relative safety. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the chronometer was one of the foundation stones of the British Empire.
The purpose of the chronometer is reviewed largely as a navigational aid for ocean-going vessels, but also for survey, medical and other activities calling for precise time measurement.
A complete chapter is devoted to John Harrison, rightly described as maker extraordinary, giving a fascinating insight into his herculean efforts to produce a timekeeper that would satisfy all the requirements of the Commissioners of Longitude. Other great makers including John Arnold, Thomas Earnshaw, Le Roy, Berthoud, Frodsham, Dent, Kullberg and Tom Mercer are acknowledged for their evolutionary skills. Representative examples of chronometers and deck watches by international makers – from the earliest known to contemporary instruments – are illustrated in both colour and black and white.
A comprehensive list of makers and craftsmen brings together for the first time details of men who worked in the industry, their places of work and dates and serial numbers of their instruments. There is also an extensive bibliography.
正體中文翻譯
航海天文鐘的發展，與17、18世紀英國、法國、荷蘭及西班牙為爭奪海權、保護商船及擴張帝國而進行的激烈競爭與戰爭密不可分。所有船長都面臨相同的問題：船舶航行於海上時，無法準確確定自身在東西方向上的位置，誤差甚至可能達數百英里。
最理想的解決方式，是利用一具鐘計算地球已轉動多少角度，藉此準確求出經度。然而，這具鐘在不停俯仰、搖擺的帆船上，仍必須具有與陸地精密擺鐘相當的準確度。
各國紛紛以獎金鼓勵發明者。康熙53年(1714)，英國政府提出總額45,000英鎊的獎金，以本書出版時的幣值計算超過200萬英鎊。其中20,000英鎊最後由一位來自Yorkshire（約克郡）、最初以木工為業的製鐘天才獲得。在此後數十年間，航海天文鐘逐漸發展並大量生產，如今都已成為收藏品。
多年來，Tony Mercer（湯尼・莫瑟）蒐集並研究大量有關這些精密儀器的資料。航海天文鐘使探險家與Royal Navy（英國皇家海軍）得以測繪世界，使海軍得以控制海域，也使從事海上貿易者得以相對安全地航行。若說航海天文鐘是British Empire（大英帝國）的重要基石之一，並不為過。
本書主要把航海天文鐘作為遠洋船舶的航海輔助儀器來討論其用途，同時亦介紹其在測量、醫療及其他需要精密計時活動中的應用。
書中以完整一章介紹John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）這位名副其實的「非凡製造者」，說明他如何以驚人的毅力研製出符合Commissioners of Longitude（經度委員會委員）全部要求的計時器。John Arnold（約翰・阿諾德）、Thomas Earnshaw（湯瑪斯・恩蕭）、Le Roy（勒魯瓦）、Berthoud（貝爾圖）、Frodsham（弗羅德舍姆）、Dent（登特）、Kullberg（庫爾貝里）及Tom Mercer（湯姆・莫瑟）等重要製造者的技術發展亦受到介紹。書內並以彩色及黑白照片呈現世界各國製造者自現存最早期至當代的航海天文鐘與甲板錶。
書末的大型製造者與工匠名錄，首次集中整理參與這項產業的人員、工作地點、活動年代及其製品序號，並附有廣泛的參考書目。
二、致謝 Acknowledgements
原文
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the people and companies who have helped me in so many ways with additional information and research that have made this book possible.
These include:
Thomas Mercer Ltd., of St Albans, for their history, photographs and services; David Harries, for his knowledge of marine history and navigation; Ronald Matthews for his practical experience; Jim Connor, Pennsylvania, for his encouragement over a long period; Roger Carrington for English watchmaking history; Stellan Silverstolpe for Swedish history; Bill Roseman for Greenwich Observatory chronometer history; Beresford Hutchinson, Curator of the Old Royal Observatory, Greenwich; E.S. Stewart for Kelvin and Hughes’ history Capt. Williams Falconer, Hong Kong; Harri, Amsterdam, Holland; J.C. Krohn, Bergen, Norway; J. Garraio, Lisbon, Portugal; Haussamann, Oslo, Norway; Martin & Co., Antwerp; Helmut Wempe, Hamburg, Germany; Iver. C. Weilbach, Copenhagen, Denmark; Observator, Rotterdam, Holland; Ets. Weizsaeker, Dunkirk, France; Hamilton Watch Co., Lancaster, USA; Raymond Nardin, Ulysse Nardin, Le Locle, Switzerland; Baker Lyman, New Orleans, USA; Edwin Bowers & Sons, Sydney, Australia; R.W. Whitten, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; W.R. Topham, Ontario, Canada; Unoin Relojera Suiza, Madrid, Spain;
John Griffiths, Curator, Prescot Watch & Clock Museum, Prescot; Merseyside County Museum, Liverpool; Alan Trehern, University of Keele; Dr. Alun Davies, Queens University, Belfast; Richard Garnier, Christies, London; Dr. D. Chapman, Liverpool University; Dr. and Mrs. Shenton, Twickenham; John Vine; Reid & Son, Newcastle; Thomas Walker, Birmingham; B. Cooke, Hull; R. Peterson, Markyate, Bedfordshire; Jill Biddle, research; All British nautical opticians; And finally my wife Priscilla, who encouraged me when my will weakened.
正體中文翻譯
致謝
我要向所有曾以各種方式協助我的人士與公司致上最誠摯的謝意。他們提供許多補充資料與研究上的協助，使本書得以完成。
其中包括：
位於St Albans（聖奧爾本斯）的Thomas Mercer Ltd.（湯瑪斯・莫瑟有限公司），提供公司歷史資料、照片與各項協助；David Harries（大衛・哈里斯），提供海事史與航海方面的知識；Ronald Matthews（羅納德・馬修斯），提供實務經驗；美國Pennsylvania（賓夕法尼亞州）的Jim Connor（吉姆・康納），長期給予鼓勵；Roger Carrington（羅傑・卡林頓），提供英國製錶史資料；Stellan Silverstolpe（斯特蘭・西爾弗斯托爾佩），提供瑞典歷史資料；Bill Roseman（比爾・羅斯曼），提供Greenwich Observatory（格林威治天文台）航海天文鐘歷史資料；Old Royal Observatory, Greenwich（格林威治舊皇家天文台）館長Beresford Hutchinson（貝雷斯福德・哈欽森）；E.S. Stewart（E.S.史都華），提供Kelvin and Hughes（凱爾文與休斯）歷史資料；香港的Capt. Williams Falconer（威廉斯・法爾科納船長）；荷蘭Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹）的Harri（哈里）；挪威Bergen（卑爾根）的J.C. Krohn（J.C.克羅恩）；葡萄牙Lisbon（里斯本）的J. Garraio（J.加拉約）；挪威Oslo（奧斯陸）的Haussamann（豪斯曼）；Antwerp（安特衛普）的Martin & Co.（馬丁公司）；德國Hamburg（漢堡）的Helmut Wempe（赫爾穆特・溫佩）；丹麥Copenhagen（哥本哈根）的Iver C. Weilbach（伊弗・C・韋爾巴赫）；荷蘭Rotterdam（鹿特丹）的Observator（奧布塞瓦托）；法國Dunkirk（敦克爾克）的Ets. Weizsaeker（魏茨澤克公司）；美國Lancaster（蘭開斯特）的Hamilton Watch Co.（漢米爾頓鐘錶公司）；瑞士Le Locle（勒洛克勒）Ulysse Nardin（雅典錶）的Raymond Nardin（雷蒙・納爾丹）；美國New Orleans（紐奧良）的Baker Lyman（貝克・萊曼）；澳洲Sydney（雪梨）的Edwin Bowers & Sons（愛德溫・鮑爾斯父子公司）；澳洲Newcastle, NSW（新南威爾斯州紐卡索）的R.W. Whitten（R.W.惠頓）；加拿大Ontario（安大略省）的W.R. Topham（W.R.托芬）；以及西班牙Madrid（馬德里）的Unoin Relojera Suiza（瑞士鐘錶聯盟）。
另包括Prescot Watch & Clock Museum（普雷斯科特鐘錶博物館）館長John Griffiths（約翰・葛里菲斯）；Liverpool（利物浦）的Merseyside County Museum（默西塞德郡博物館）；University of Keele（基爾大學）的Alan Trehern（艾倫・特里赫恩）；Belfast（貝爾法斯特）Queens University（女王大學）的Dr. Alun Davies（阿倫・戴維斯博士）；London（倫敦）Christies（佳士得）的Richard Garnier（理查・加尼爾）；Liverpool University（利物浦大學）的Dr. D. Chapman（D.查普曼博士）；Twickenham（特威克納姆）的Dr. and Mrs. Shenton（申頓博士夫婦）；John Vine（約翰・瓦因）；Newcastle（紐卡索）的Reid & Son（里德父子公司）；Birmingham（伯明罕）的Thomas Walker（湯瑪斯・沃克）；Hull（赫爾）的B. Cooke（B.庫克）；Bedfordshire（貝德福郡）Markyate（馬基亞特）的R. Peterson（R.彼得森）；負責研究工作的Jill Biddle（吉爾・比德爾）；所有英國航海光學儀器商；最後，還要感謝作者的妻子Priscilla（普莉西拉），在他意志動搖時持續給予鼓勵。
三、前言 Foreword，第v至vi頁
原文
“Garston, ship; stranded off Starbuck Island, South Pacific, July 17, 1889. Inquiry held at Tonga, September 9, 1889. Stranding owing to chronometers putting vessel from 30 to 40 miles too far to the eastward. Master censured for not ascertaining their error.”
Board of Trade Official Inquiry No. 3941, 1889.
The period from the closing years of the 18th century almost to the dawn of the 21st century has seen the development, manufacture and special use of the most important form of portable timekeeper ever made—the marine chronometer.
What is it that puts the marine chronometer—or “box chronometer” as it is also referred to—in a special category? It is because, although it works on basic horological principles whereby a highly accurate form of escapement controls the motion of the hour, minute and second hands, it is not and never has been a domestic timekeeper. It is purely a navigational instrument and, although it has tended to be replaced in recent years by very accurate electronic position-determining systems, it forms a highly essential part of the equipment required by the navigator on board ship for finding his exact position when out of sight of land. The other instruments used are the sextant with which the altitude above the horizon of the sun, stars, moon and planets is measured, and the Nautical Almanac, an annual publication which gives essential astronomical data, all of which is based on and measured from the Prime Meridian (0 deg. Longitude) at Greenwich Observatory, for every second of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) throughout the year.
For safe navigation the navigator must be constantly aware of his vessel in terms of latitude and longitude: the sextant and almanac can alone provide him with his latitude, but it is only by using a chronometer, performing to such a high degree of accuracy as to provide Greenwich Mean Time constantly to the nearest second, that he will be able to extract from the Nautical Almanac this astronomical data which ultimately enables him to compute his longitude accurately. No chronometer will ever continue to show exact GMT all the time. They will either gain or lose, but whichever of these they do, it must be as near as possible a constant amount daily and through a wide range of temperature—this amount is referred to as the “daily rate” of that particular chronometer. Unless this is known accurately the GMT obtained from the instrument will be inaccurate, which in turn will mean that the computed longitude will be inaccurate, and this will endanger the safety of both the vessel and her crew, such as befell the Garston and many other ships over the centuries.
How did the navigator manage before the introduction of the chronometer?
By measuring the altitude of the pole star or the sun when it was “on the meridian”—when it was exactly due south or due north as the case may be—and by extracting from the Nautical Almanac an entry called the sun’s “declination”, he could compute his latitude to an accuracy of a tenth of a nautical mile. Because the sun’s declination only changed by a very small amount hour by hour, it was not necessary to know GMT to an accuracy of an hour or two. However thereafter by allowing for every known factor such as course, speed, distance run, etc. he could only guess his longitude.
When commencing a voyage he would firstly have to know the latitude of the particular place he intended to navigate towards and set course towards it. At noon every day he would obtain his latitude until he reached the appropriate latitude of his destination and would then turn east or west, as the case may be. After that, continuing daily to check that he was still on the right parallel of latitude, hopefully the place he was making for would come above the horizon directly ahead of him. This method was called “Parallel Sailing”.
With the burgeoning of world trade beginning in the 18th century it was becoming obvious that the nation whose ships could determine their longitude accurately, and whose passages could therefore be run to tight sailing schedules, would attain a dominant position in world trade. This was the reason for the establishment in 1714 of the Board of Longitude, which offered a very high monetary reward to “solve the longitude problem”. It is a well-known fact that it was John Harrison who succeeded in producing a series of four quite different chronometers, the last of which, H4, eventually gained him the reward and the title “The Man Who Found Longitude”.
It is only the navigator who has had a real use for the marine chronometer, and possibly this is the reason that the names of their makers have received scant attention in those well-known horological publications that list many thousands of watch and clockmakers. Even less acknowledgement has been made to those highly skilled out-worker craftsmen who have contributed so much to its perfection. Often the only reward is a hidden framemakers’ punch mark, or a scratched name on the inside of the fusee great wheel, behind the dial, or on the dial-plate itself.
Horologists and seafarers, the latter in particular, owe so much to these almost anonymous craftsmen, and it is very fitting that at long last in Chronometer Makers of the World the names of so many of them are—many for the first time—being acknowledged in a specialist work.
The introduction of modern electronic navigational systems, giving a constant read-out of latitude and longitude, has led to the almost total demise worldwide of chronometer making. The wisdom of this must be in doubt because no electronic equipment is entirely foolproof, and consideration should always be given to having an alternative back-up system available for use in an emergency.
Lieut. Commander David Harries R. N. (Retd)
(Chronometer Consultant to Christies)
正體中文翻譯
「Garston（加斯頓）號；光緒15年(1889)7月17日在南太平洋Starbuck Island（斯塔巴克島）外擱淺。光緒15年(1889)9月9日在Tonga（東加）舉行調查。擱淺原因為航海天文鐘的誤差，使推算船位比實際位置向東偏了30至40英里。船長因未查明航海天文鐘的誤差而受到譴責。」
Board of Trade（英國貿易委員會）官方調查第3941號，光緒15年(1889)。
自18世紀末葉一直到21世紀即將來臨之際，人類見證了有史以來最重要的一種可攜式計時器——航海天文鐘——的發展、製造與特殊運用。
航海天文鐘，或所謂box chronometer（箱式航海天文鐘），為何被歸入特殊的一類？它雖然仍以鐘錶的基本原理運作，由極為精密的擒縱機構控制時針、分針及秒針，但它不是、也從來不是一般家用鐘錶。它純粹是一種航海儀器。
近年航海天文鐘雖逐漸由極為精密的電子定位系統所取代，但當船舶航行至目視不到陸地的海域時，它仍是領航員確定船舶正確位置所需的重要設備之一。
領航員另外使用sextant（六分儀）測量太陽、恆星、月球與行星相對地平線的高度，並配合每年出版的Nautical Almanac（《航海年鑑》）。年鑑所提供的重要天文資料，全部以Greenwich Observatory（格林威治天文台）的Prime Meridian（本初子午線，經度0度）為基準，並依全年每一秒的Greenwich Mean Time（格林威治平時，GMT）計算。
為確保航行安全，領航員必須隨時掌握船舶的緯度與經度。單靠六分儀與《航海年鑑》即可求出緯度；但只有使用精度足以持續提供精確至秒之格林威治平時的航海天文鐘，領航員才能由《航海年鑑》取得所需的天文資料，進一步準確計算經度。
沒有任何航海天文鐘能永遠精確顯示GMT。它必然會走快或走慢，但不論快慢，每日變化量必須盡可能保持固定，並在廣泛溫度範圍內維持一致。這個數值稱為該具航海天文鐘的daily rate（日差）。
若不能準確掌握日差，由航海天文鐘取得的GMT就會錯誤，所計算的經度亦隨之錯誤，進而危及船舶及船員安全。Garston（加斯頓）號以及數百年間許多船舶所遭遇的事故正是如此。
那麼，在航海天文鐘出現以前，領航員如何航行？
領航員可以在北極星或太陽位於子午線上，也就是恰好位於正南或正北時，量測其高度，再從《航海年鑑》取得太陽declination（赤緯）資料，將緯度計算到約十分之一海里的精度。由於太陽赤緯每小時的變化量很小，因此不需要把GMT掌握到比一、兩小時更高的精度。然而，此後即使將航向、速度、已航行距離等所有已知因素納入計算，領航員仍只能推估經度。
船舶開始航程時，領航員首先必須知道目的地的緯度，並朝該方向航行。每天正午測定本船緯度，直到抵達與目的地相同的緯度，再視目的地所在方向轉向東或西。此後每天持續確認船舶仍保持在正確的緯線上，希望最後能在正前方地平線上看見目的地。這種方法稱為Parallel Sailing（平行緯線航法）。
18世紀世界貿易迅速擴張後，人們逐漸發現，哪一國的船舶能準確測定經度，並因此按照嚴密航期完成航程，哪一國便能在世界貿易中取得優勢。因此英國於康熙53年(1714)成立Board of Longitude（經度委員會），提出高額獎金，希望「解決經度問題」。
John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）成功製作一系列四具截然不同的航海天文鐘，最後一具H4使他取得獎金，也使他獲得「The Man Who Found Longitude（找到經度的人）」之稱。
真正對航海天文鐘具有實際使用需求的是領航員，這或許也解釋了為何許多收錄數千名鐘錶匠的知名鐘錶史著作，對航海天文鐘製造者的關注反而相當有限。至於那些對航海天文鐘精密度作出巨大貢獻的專業外包工匠，更少獲得應有的承認。
這些工匠所得到的唯一署名或身分痕跡，往往只是一個藏在機架上的機架製造者沖印記號，或刻在錐形均力輪大齒輪內側、面盤背面或面盤底板上的姓名。
鐘錶研究者與航海人員，尤其是後者，都受惠於這些幾乎沒有留下姓名的工匠。因此《Chronometer Makers of the World》（《世界航海天文鐘製造商》）終於在一部專門著作中記錄其中許多人的姓名，而其中許多人也是首次獲得正式記載。
現代電子航海系統可以持續直接顯示緯度與經度，因而使全球航海天文鐘製造業幾乎完全消失。然而，這是否完全明智仍值得思考；任何電子設備都不可能百分之百不出錯，因此仍應考慮保留另一套可在緊急狀況下使用的備援系統。
David Harries（大衛・哈里斯）
英國皇家海軍退役少校
Christies（佳士得）航海天文鐘顧問
四、作者序 Preface，第vii至x頁
原文
Very little has been written about the Chronometer Trade, other than by Commander Rupert Gould in his great and profoundly researched book, The Marine Chronometer, first published in 1923.
This book dealt with the history and development of that instrument, but it did leave room for someone to compile a register of makers, craftsmen, engravers and scientists, who all played such a very important part in the expansion of the Industry over more than 200 years.
This Industry was mainly centred in England, but also included in this present book are the names of craftsmen the world over who added to the chronometer phenomenon. Many famous and erudite authors have edited a compilation of names renowned for their horological products but, except for a modicum of references, chronometer makers as part of an exclusive and very demanding industry, have been ignored.
This book is therefore an effort to consolidate all makers’ names as well as those who I feel influenced the whole Industry*. In the 19th century a host of trades and crafts were established in Lancashire and London, feeding the Makers with their finished or part-finished elements of the chronometer mechanisms and brasswork. Unfortunately most of these names have been lost in the mists of time. It is difficult to define how much work a Maker performed on his product, as many fine watch and clockmakers were only too happy to buy the completed product as long as they had their name engraved on the dial. The annexing of “Chronometer Maker” was a sure way of attracting high prices and a name for quality.
See also the end of the Preface to clarify the distinction between a Maker and makers used throughout the text.
There were very few Makers whose manufacturing facilities allowed them to produce more than 1,000 instruments in their lifetime, or even in the lifetime of their company’s existence. It can also be said that very few Makers made the whole instrument, either buying in the frame and movement and, almost always, the brasswork and wooden box, usually of mahogany. Outworkers who finished the various parts were numerous so depressing the prices paid for their labours, but there were however a few elite craftsmen, who were the springers, finishers and detent makers.
One exception to all this is the firm of Thomas Mercer, who have made over 30,000 chronometers of all types during their 128 years’ activity. They have done it all ways – buying in the movement and parts ready finished, buying them unfinished, and finally making and finishing every part themselves in their own factory. In fact Mercers have supplied other Makers with unfinished, semi-finished and finished movements, not only for their agents but also for their competitors, some – especially the Germans – to their own design. Three hundred and seventy different makers were thus supplied and have been recorded in my previous book – Mercer Chronometers - Radical Tom Mercer and the House he Founded.
Another great Maker, Victor Kullberg – considered by some the greatest – and although more selective in his choice of customer sold many to other makers, mainly in Northern Europe. References to all these facts are included in the various biographies, together with chronometer numbers and dates of manufacture. The Maker who also supplied the movement complete has also been included, a typical example being E. Sills, of London, who only made for other Makers.
Most of the best known Makers, such as Arnold, Dent, Frodsham, Poole, Kullberg, Johannsen, Murray, Mercer and Usher & Cole, were all clockmakers of repute, and this seemed to be the pre-requisite to being a successful Maker.
Making clocks, however, bears little comparison with chronometer making, where the very finest finish is required, and the compensation of hairspring to the balance over a variety of temperatures is the great challenge. Few men, mainly watchmakers, possessed this skill let alone the time, courage and patience because this exercise could take between three months and three years once the movement was finished.
Exacting Admiralty tests
A marine chronometer was of no value whatsoever until it had passed the exacting tests laid down by the British Admiralty (see Chapter 6 for details of the tests), and by other nations with similar nautical interests. Therefore to break into the exclusive trade was a very risky business, but the benefits occasioned by success were of immense commercial and social value.
Research for this book has been based on records of some of the great Makers and the makers who have left evidence of their activities in written form, and from modern publications that can be found in libraries and bookshops today.
Dent, Kullberg, Mercer, Frodsham, Usher & Cole and Sills have all left their records, but exceptions such as Poole, French, Shepherd and Johannsen have left no historical documents of value except references to them in British Admiralty records and the memories of such men as Frank Mercer, Thomas Mercer’s youngest son, and a handful of craftsmen and Nautical Opticians.
Scraps of information have been found in a number of publications such as Kelly’s, Gore’s and Pigot’s Directories and through scanning all sorts of horological treatise, articles, daybooks and other miscellaneous records.
The British Horological Institute Journals have much to offer, mainly from obituaries once that person was known to have made chronometers. Much of the information about Lancashire makers has been given to me by Roger Carrington, who is a specialist in that part of the industry, and whose astute and precise mind has clarified many an assumption.
Nautical Opticians the world over have all helped to make the records more precise. Unfortunately many records have disappeared over the years, especially during the period between the 1939-45 War years. The premises of a whole group of Liverpool makers centred around South Castle Street were completely destroyed by bombs although some, like Sewill, have survived.
A number of entries of names may be considered out of context by some readers, but I do believe they did have, or tried to have, considerable influence on the Chronometer Industry – such as Joseph Whitworth, whose efforts to standardise sizes and screw threads were seemingly not accepted by the industry.
If more attention had been given to modern machinery and up-to-date tools, who knows where the British horological industry would be today.
TONY MERCERCARTMEL,GRANGE OVER SANDS,1990
FOOTNOTE:
In the records and text a Maker is a craftsman or a company who manufactures and/or finishes and springs chronometers. A maker is one who buys from a Maker, and who then has his own name or the name of his company engraved on the dial.
正體中文翻譯
除了Commander Rupert Gould（魯伯特・古爾德中校）於民國12年(1923)首次出版、研究極為深入的《The Marine Chronometer》（《航海天文鐘》）之外，以航海天文鐘產業為主題的著作其實非常少。
Gould（古爾德）的著作處理了航海天文鐘的歷史及技術發展，但仍留下另一項工作有待完成：建立製造者、工匠、雕刻師及科學家的名錄。這些人在兩百多年航海天文鐘產業的發展過程中，都扮演了重要角色。
這項產業主要集中於England（英格蘭），但本書亦收錄世界各地對航海天文鐘發展有所貢獻的工匠。過去已有許多著名且學養深厚的作者整理各種以鐘錶製品聞名的人物名錄，但作為一項高度專門、要求極嚴格的產業，航海天文鐘製造者除了少量記載外，往往受到忽略。
因此，本書試圖集中整理所有製造者，以及作者認為曾對整個航海天文鐘產業產生影響的人物。19世紀時，Lancashire（蘭開夏郡）與London（倫敦）形成大量專業工種，向主要製造者供應航海天文鐘機械與黃銅構件的成品或半成品。然而，其中大部分人的姓名如今已消失在歷史之中。
要判斷一位「Maker」究竟親自完成產品多少工作並不容易。許多優秀鐘錶商只要最後能在面盤上刻上自己的名字，也很樂意直接購買完成品。在名號後加上「Chronometer Maker（航海天文鐘製造者）」，更是提高售價及建立高品質聲望的有效方法。
註：作者在本序末另行說明，大寫「Maker」與一般小寫「maker」在本書中具有不同意義。
真正擁有足夠製造能力，能在本人一生甚至整家公司存續期間生產超過1,000具航海天文鐘的「Maker」極少。同樣地，真正由頭到尾製造完整航海天文鐘的製造者也很少。他們可能購入機架與機芯，而黃銅構件及通常以桃花心木製作的木箱幾乎總是向外採購。
負責完成各式零件的外包工匠數量很多，也因此壓低了其勞務價格；但其中仍有少數高度專業的精英工匠，包括游絲製作與調校人員、精修師及止動擒縱機構製造者。
Thomas Mercer（湯瑪斯・莫瑟）公司是一個重要例外。在128年的營運期間，該公司製造超過30,000具各型航海天文鐘。他們曾採用各種方式生產：購入已完成的機芯與零件、購入未完成的零件，最後也曾在自己的工廠中自行製造及完成所有部件。
事實上，Mercer（莫瑟）還曾向其他製造者供應未完成、半完成及完成的機芯，不僅供應給代理商，也供應給競爭者；其中部分產品，尤其供給德國業者者，甚至依對方設計製作。作者指出，共有370家不同製造者曾接受Mercer（莫瑟）供應，並已記錄於其先前著作《Mercer Chronometers - Radical Tom Mercer and the House he Founded》（《莫瑟航海天文鐘：激進的湯姆・莫瑟與他所創立的公司》）。
另一位重要製造者Victor Kullberg（維克多・庫爾貝里），甚至被部分人士視為最傑出的製造者。他雖然挑選客戶較為嚴格，仍向許多其他製造者供應產品，尤其集中於Northern Europe（北歐）。相關資料、航海天文鐘序號及製造日期均收錄於各人物條目中。若某位「Maker」亦曾向其他業者提供完整機芯，本書同樣予以收錄，例如London（倫敦）的E. Sills（E.西爾斯），其產品即主要供應其他製造者。
Arnold（阿諾德）、Dent（登特）、Frodsham（弗羅德舍姆）、Poole（普爾）、Kullberg（庫爾貝里）、Johannsen（約翰森）、Murray（莫瑞）、Mercer（莫瑟）以及Usher & Cole（亞瑟與科爾）等知名航海天文鐘製造者，原本也都是享有聲譽的製鐘師；這似乎是成為成功航海天文鐘製造者的重要前提。
然而，一般鐘的製作與航海天文鐘製造仍不可相提並論。後者要求極高的加工精度，而如何調校擺輪游絲，使其在不同溫度下保持補償效果，更是最大的技術挑戰。真正掌握這種技術的人很少，而且需要大量時間、勇氣與耐心；機芯完成之後，單是這項調校就可能耗費三個月至三年。
嚴格的英國海軍部測試
航海天文鐘在通過British Admiralty（英國海軍部）所制定的嚴格測試，以及其他具有類似海洋利益國家的測試以前，幾乎沒有實際價值。因此，要進入這項高度專門的產業風險極高，但一旦成功，也能帶來巨大的商業及社會價值。
本書研究主要建立於重要製造者所留下的檔案、其他製造者留下的書面活動紀錄，以及當時可在圖書館與書店查閱的近代出版品。
Dent（登特）、Kullberg（庫爾貝里）、Mercer（莫瑟）、Frodsham（弗羅德舍姆）、Usher & Cole（亞瑟與科爾）及Sills（西爾斯）均留下相關紀錄；Poole（普爾）、French（弗倫奇）、Shepherd（謝潑德）及Johannsen（約翰森）等則幾乎未留下有價值的歷史文件，只能從British Admiralty（英國海軍部）紀錄，以及Thomas Mercer（湯瑪斯・莫瑟）最年幼的兒子Frank Mercer（法蘭克・莫瑟）與少數工匠、Nautical Opticians（航海光學儀器商）的回憶中追查。
作者也從Kelly’s Directory（《凱利名錄》）、Gore’s Directory（《戈爾名錄》）與Pigot’s Directory（《皮戈特名錄》），以及各種鐘錶學論著、文章、工作日誌及其他零散記錄中尋找資料。
British Horological Institute（英國鐘錶學會）的期刊亦提供大量資訊，尤其是已知曾製造航海天文鐘者的訃聞。Lancashire（蘭開夏郡）製造者的大量資料則由Roger Carrington（羅傑・卡林頓）提供；他專門研究這部分產業，嚴謹而精確的研究協助作者釐清許多推論。
世界各地的航海光學儀器商也協助提高記錄的準確度。然而，許多歷史檔案隨歲月消失，尤其是在民國28至34年(1939–1945)戰爭期間。Liverpool（利物浦）以South Castle Street（南城堡街）為中心的一整群製造者，其營業場所遭炸彈完全摧毀，但Sewill（塞維爾）等少數業者仍延續下來。
部分讀者或許認為書中有些人物與航海天文鐘主題關係不大，但作者認為他們確實曾經、或至少試圖對這項產業產生重要影響。例如Joseph Whitworth（約瑟夫・惠特沃思）曾努力推動尺寸及螺紋標準化，但似乎並未被當時航海天文鐘產業接受。
如果英國鐘錶業當時更重視現代化機械及最新工具，今天的英國鐘錶產業會發展成什麼樣子，已無從得知。
Tony Mercer（湯尼・莫瑟）
Cartmel（卡特梅爾）
Grange Over Sands（格蘭奇奧弗桑茲）
民國79年(1990)
註：在本書記錄與正文中，大寫「Maker」是指實際製造、完成加工以及製作與調校航海天文鐘游絲的工匠或公司；小寫「maker」則指向「Maker」購買產品，之後再將自己或公司名稱刻在面盤上的業者。
五、第1章「HISTORY OF THE WORD CHRONOMETER」，第1至3頁
原文
Chapter 1
HISTORY OF THE WORD CHRONOMETER
Dear God be good to me.The sea is so wide and my boat is so smallBreton Fisherman’s Prayer
The actual term Chronometer was first used by the French to denote an instrument for marking the time in music. It has of course survived in English, but has been displaced by the word ‘metronome’ for the latter sense. The inventor of the music timer and of the word chronometer was a musician named Loulié who, in 1698 published in Amsterdam a small book entitled Elements et Principes de Musique, on page 97 of which he says, ‘C’est un instrument que j’ai fait faire et que je nomme Chronometre parce qu’il sert à mesurer le temps’. Alexander Malcolm’s Treatise of Musik gives directions ‘How to use the chronometer in measuring the time according to the composer’s design’.
The Penny Cyclopedia published in 1837, says the musical chronometer is by no means a modern contrivance. We get the nearest approach to the present sense in Kersey’s Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum, published in 1715, where we find Chronometrum or Chronoscopium Perpendiculum.
In 1734 Dr. Desaguliers, a well-known writer of the 18th century, and for a time rector of St. James, Piccadilly, speaks of ‘a little clock or chronometer which Mr. George Graham made for me some years ago’.
In the same year, Dereham, also a clergyman published the fourth edition of The Artificial Clockmaker, Chapter XI of which is headed ‘Of the government of Chronometers’. Dereham also refers to ‘the ancient Grecian and Roman chronometers that is sundial and water clocks’. Dereham also calls these instruments ‘time-machines’.
The earliest instance of the use of the word in its present restricted sense which a certain Dr. Murray records, is in the title of John Arnold’s tract, Account of a Pocket Chronometer made on a new Construction, published in 1780. Arnold it seems, according to Ree’s Cyclopedia was the first to apply the word to a high class watch.
Bonnycastle’s Astronomy (1787) gives ‘the method of finding the longitude . . . by means of a chronometer’.
In Hutton’s Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary (1796) he defines a chronometer as ‘any instrument or machine used in measuring time, such as dials, clocks, watches etc. The term is more particularly used for a kind of clock so contrived as to measure a small portion of time, even to the 16th or 40th part of a second . . .’.
It seems therefore that if we encounter the word ‘chronometer’ in an old book it is by no means sure that it refers to a timekeeper as we understand it today. It also seems that even John Harrison and Mudge called their instruments ‘timekeepers’. In fact Mudge uses it in an account of his labours published by his son in 1799. John Roger Arnold also used this word in a tract published in 1805 entitled ‘An Explanation of Timekeepers constructed by Mr. J. Arnold’ (B.H.I. Journal).
There is no doubt that at the beginning of the 19th century the word chronometer had crystallised into its present meaning. Commander Rupert Gould however, could not restrain his verve for old English, and refers to what we call chronometers as ‘machines’, which no doubt they still are.
This book will therefore deal with the British interpretation of that word, that is to say – a clock mechanism which divides the day into equal parts according to the Gregorian Calendar, and is equipped with detent escapement and a free sprung balance (or hair) spring.
Other Versions
The Editor of the British Horological Journal, replying to a letter from Mr. A. G. Krassoievitch (Head of Research and Development at Patek Philippe Advanced Research Division), who was commenting on a collaboration between Thomas Mercer and Leroy-Hâtot of Paris, wrote in the December 1958 issue:
‘In the U.K. a ‘chronometer’ usually retains its meaning of a timekeeper with a detent escapement. The word coined by a witty clockmaker, Jeremy Thacker in 1714 for a marine timekeeper. In Switzerland ‘chronometer’ now means any timekeeper that has reached a certain standard of performance etc.’
Jeremy Thacker was an early Longitudinarian, in fact the first since Huygens, hoping to find longitude with his invention, which was basically a spring clock with second-hand contained in a bell-jar in a vacuum. The apparatus was swung on gimbals stabilised by a lead weight attached to the bottom. He lived in Beverley, Yorkshire, about eight miles north across the river Humber from Foulby, the home of John Harrison.
正體中文翻譯
第1章「Chronometer」一詞的歷史
親愛的上帝，請善待我。大海如此遼闊，而我的船如此渺小。——Breton Fisherman’s Prayer（布列塔尼漁夫祈禱詞）
「Chronometer」這個詞最初由法國人使用，是指在音樂中標示時間的儀器。這個詞後來也進入英文，但在音樂用途上已被metronome（節拍器）取代。
音樂計時器以及「chronometer」一詞的創造者，是名為Loulié（盧利耶）的音樂家。他於康熙37年(1698)在Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹）出版小冊《Elements et Principes de Musique》（《音樂的要素與原理》），在第97頁寫道：「這是一件我命人製作的儀器，我稱它為Chronometre，因為它用來測量時間。」
Alexander Malcolm（亞歷山大・馬爾科姆）的《Treatise of Musik》（《音樂論》）則說明「如何按照作曲家的設計，利用chronometer測量時間」。
道光17年(1837)出版的《Penny Cyclopedia》（《便士百科全書》）指出，音樂用chronometer絕不是近代的新發明。與今日意義最接近的早期用例，可見於康熙54年(1715)出版的Kersey（克西）《Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum》（《英不列顛英語辭典》），其中使用「Chronometrum」或「Chronoscopium Perpendiculum」。
雍正12年(1734)，18世紀知名作家Dr. Desaguliers（德薩古利耶博士），曾一度擔任Piccadilly（皮卡迪利）St. James（聖詹姆士）教區牧師，他提到「George Graham（喬治・葛拉漢）先生幾年前替我製作的一具小鐘，或稱chronometer」。
同一年，另一位牧師Dereham（德勒姆）出版《The Artificial Clockmaker》（《人工製鐘師》）第四版，其第十一章標題為「Of the government of Chronometers」。Dereham（德勒姆）也把古希臘與羅馬的日晷及水鐘稱為chronometers，並把這些儀器稱為time-machines（時間機器）。
依Dr. Murray（莫瑞博士）記錄，最早以今天較狹義方式使用chronometer一詞的例子，是John Arnold（約翰・阿諾德）於乾隆45年(1780)出版的論著《Account of a Pocket Chronometer made on a new Construction》（《新式構造懷式天文鐘說明》）。依《Ree’s Cyclopedia》（《里斯百科全書》）記載，Arnold（阿諾德）似乎是第一位將chronometer一詞用於高級錶的人。
Bonnycastle（邦尼卡斯爾）於乾隆52年(1787)出版的《Astronomy》（《天文學》）則記載「利用chronometer求取經度的方法」。
Hutton（赫頓）於嘉慶元年(1796)的《Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary》（《哲學與數學辭典》）中，把chronometer定義為「任何用於測量時間的儀器或機械，例如日晷、鐘、錶等；此詞更特別用於一種鐘，其設計可以測量極小的時間單位，甚至達到一秒的十六分之一或四十分之一……」。
因此，在古籍中看到「chronometer」一詞時，不能直接假定它就是今日所理解的航海天文鐘。即使John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）與Mudge（馬奇）似乎也把自己的儀器稱為timekeepers（計時器）。
Mudge（馬奇）在其子於嘉慶4年(1799)出版的工作紀錄中使用的也是這個詞。John Roger Arnold（約翰・羅傑・阿諾德）在嘉慶10年(1805)出版、題為《An Explanation of Timekeepers constructed by Mr. J. Arnold》（《J.阿諾德先生所製計時器之說明》）的論文中同樣使用timekeepers一詞，該文收錄於B.H.I. Journal（《英國鐘錶學會期刊》）。
到了19世紀初，chronometer的含義已明確固定為今天的意義。不過Commander Rupert Gould（魯伯特・古爾德中校）仍偏愛古式英語，把我們今天稱作航海天文鐘的器物稱為machines（機器）；從機械本質來看，它們的確仍是機器。
因此，本書採用英國對chronometer的傳統定義：一種依Gregorian Calendar（格里曆）將一天劃分為相等時段的鐘錶機構，並配備detent escapement（止動式擒縱機構）與free sprung balance spring（自由式擺輪游絲）。
其他定義
《British Horological Journal》（《英國鐘錶期刊》）編輯曾回覆Patek Philippe Advanced Research Division（百達翡麗先進研究部門）研發主管A. G. Krassoievitch（A.G.克拉索耶維奇）的來函。Krassoievitch（克拉索耶維奇）當時討論Thomas Mercer（湯瑪斯・莫瑟）與Paris（巴黎）Leroy-Hâtot（勒魯瓦－阿托）之間的合作；該刊於民國47年(1958)12月寫道：
「在英國，『chronometer』通常仍指使用止動式擒縱機構的計時器。這個詞由鐘匠Jeremy Thacker（傑瑞米・薩克）於康熙53年(1714)用於航海計時器。在Switzerland（瑞士），『chronometer』現在則可以泛指任何達到一定性能標準的計時器。」
Jeremy Thacker（傑瑞米・薩克）是早期研究經度問題的人物，也是Huygens（惠更斯）之後最早試圖利用發明解決經度問題者之一。他的裝置基本上是一具帶秒針的發條鐘，置於抽成真空的玻璃鐘罩中，再以gimbals（萬向環）懸掛，並由底部所附鉛製重錘保持穩定。
他住在Yorkshire（約克郡）的Beverley（貝弗利），隔著Humber River（亨伯河），約在John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）故鄉Foulby（福爾比）以北八英里處。
第2頁照片圖說
The late Commander Gould RN, author of The Marine Chronometer, with Harrison’s H.3 timekeeper, before its restoration by Thomas Mercer Ltd (See also page 35)
已故Commander Gould（古爾德中校），《The Marine Chronometer》（《航海天文鐘》）作者，與Harrison（哈里森）的H3航海計時器合影；照片拍攝於Thomas Mercer Ltd.（湯瑪斯・莫瑟有限公司）修復該件之前。（另見第35頁）
六、第2章「IDENTIFICATION MARKS AND DATING」，第5至7頁
原文
Chapter 2
IDENTIFICATION MARKS AND DATING
A wanderer is a man from birthHe was born in a shipOn the breast of the river of timeBrimming with wonder and joyHe spreads out his arms to the lightRivets his gaze on the banks of the stream.M. Arnold
Except for a very few chronometers, each one has the name of the Maker or maker, the number and very often the address engraved on the dial. Most of the 18th and early 19th century models have the name, number and address inscribed on the top plate as well. Sometimes the number on the dial corresponds with the one stamped on the bottom of the inside of the bowl. Others have the number of the brasswork which includes the gimbal and brass fittings, but this is very rare.
Other identification marks can be those of the frame makers, either in numbers or letters - G.H.=George Holmes, for example. Most frame makers liked to identify their work as it was their only real way of advertising their trade. In turn these frames were sent to the train makers who either made the various parts or bought in from specialists, such as fusee makers, pinion makers, etc. Sometimes the craftsmen’s identity can be found on various brass parts such as the barrel, or fusee brass. The mainspring also occasionally had the makers’ name, date and address scratched on it, but otherwise it is likely to be that of a repairer. However this feature does help with dating the chronometer.
Another area of identification is the back of the dial, but again it is mainly that of repairers who liked to immortalise themselves in this fashion by inscribing their name. Each entry in this book provides as much information as possible to date and identify the name of the maker, his activities, credits, addresses and connection with other members of the trade.
Included among the names listed are those of scientists (S) who have helped develop and improve chronometers and their users, engineers who have tried to improve manufacturing and testing methods, writers (W) who have recorded the history of great Makers and who have described, criticised and recorded events of the trade, nautical opticians (N) who for nearly 200 years bought from the Makers, stocking, checking the rate of every chronometer after it had been received and had it re-started. (The Maker generally wedged the escape wheel and the balance with thin cork wedges). Eventually, just before the designated ship was due to sail, he delivered the chronometers on board putting them into their special padded compartments in the chart room. They were also used for fetching chronometers from each ship should cleaning of these instruments be necessary. Retailers (R) have also played a great part in the industry, selling marine and domestic chronometers and chronometer watches.
The exact dates of manufacture for Makers whose sales records are still in existence cannot be commented upon and must be accepted as correct. However, there are other avenues of research and these can be divided into three categories, so helping to date the chronometer accurately:
Work book of craftsmen like the Abbotts, father and son, who specialised in engraving chronometer dials. There could be a gap of up to two years between the finished dial and the sale of the completed and certified instrument. Some Makers like E. Sills seemingly only made for other well-known Makers or makers such as Lorenzen, Gardner, Army & Navy, Lindquist, Northern Goldsmiths and Sewill.
Records of the British Admiralty and the Greenwich Trials were also a great help, but the date of their acceptance of an instrument is not necessarily the date of manufacture. There could be a variation between these dates of up to five years for new ones and many years for others which were requisitioned for use during war time. The British Admiralty bought a relatively small percentage of the total number of chronometers made by the industry, and some of them had been sent to the trials several times before, having failed to reach the required standard.
Records from other outworkers are very few and rarely give dates, but sometimes quantities can be estimated.
So by study and deduction, but not guesswork, and maybe a scintilla of imagination, dates not actually referred to in the record books are accurate to within one or two years. Henry Joseph and his son Harry Abbott’s books were a main source of information. They engraved dials for many Makers.
Consecutive numbering
The great Makers of the 19th and 20th century, like Kullberg, Poole, Johannsen, Dent, Frodsham and Mercer in England, Nardin and Wempe in Europe and Hamilton in the United States of America, kept their instrument numbers consecutive. It is therefore
正體中文翻譯
第2章識別標記與年代判定
漂泊者生來便是漂泊者，他出生在船上，航行於時間之河的胸膛，滿懷驚奇與喜悅。他向光明張開雙臂，凝視河流兩岸。——M. Arnold（M.阿諾德）
除極少數例外，每一具航海天文鐘的面盤通常都刻有「Maker」或「maker」的姓名、序號，而且往往還有地址。18世紀及19世紀初的產品，多半也會在上層機板刻上姓名、序號及地址。
有時面盤上的序號會與黃銅鐘體內殼內側底部沖印的號碼一致。另有少數器物記錄的是黃銅構件編號，其中包括gimbal（萬向環）與黃銅配件，但這種情況非常罕見。
其他識別標記可能來自機架製造者，通常以數字或字母表示，例如G.H.代表George Holmes（喬治・霍姆斯）。大部分機架製造者都願意留下自己的標記，因為這幾乎是他們唯一能宣傳自身技術的方法。
完成的機架之後會送交輪系製造者。後者可能自行製作各種零件，也可能向專業工匠採購，例如fusee makers（錐形均力輪製造者）、pinion makers（小齒輪製造者）等。部分工匠姓名可以在發條鼓、錐形均力輪黃銅構件等零件上找到。發條上偶爾也會刻有製造者姓名、日期及地址；其他情況則可能是後來修理者留下的標記。這些特徵都能協助判定航海天文鐘的年代。
另一個可找到識別資料的位置是面盤背面，不過這裡留下姓名者多為修理人員，他們以刻名方式留下自己的紀錄。
本書每一個人物條目，都盡可能提供足以判定年代與身分的資料，包括製造者姓名、活動、成就、地址，以及與其他業者之間的關係。
名錄中不只包含製造者，也包括協助發展與改良航海天文鐘及其使用方式的scientists（科學家，S）、試圖改善製造與測試方法的工程師、記錄重要製造者及產業歷史的writers（作者，W），以及近兩百年間向製造者採購航海天文鐘的nautical opticians（航海光學儀器商，N）。
航海光學儀器商會儲存產品，在收到並重新啟動後，檢查每一具航海天文鐘的日差。製造者在運送時通常會用薄軟木楔固定escape wheel（擒縱輪）及balance（擺輪）。
在指定船舶即將出航前，航海光學儀器商才把航海天文鐘送上船，安放在chart room（海圖室）的專用軟墊艙格內。如果航海天文鐘需要清潔，他們也負責到各船取回。Retailers（零售商，R）同樣是產業的重要一環，銷售航海用及家用天文鐘，以及天文鐘級精密錶。
若某製造者的銷售紀錄仍然存在，其中所載的確切製造日期應視為正確資料。若缺乏這類紀錄，則仍可利用其他研究途徑協助準確定年，作者將其分為三類：
工匠工作簿。例如Abbott（阿博特）父子專門雕刻航海天文鐘面盤。完成面盤到整具產品完成、取得認證並售出之間，可能相隔多達兩年。E. Sills（E.西爾斯）等製造者似乎專門替其他知名製造者或商家製作，例如Lorenzen（洛倫岑）、Gardner（加德納）、Army & Navy（陸海軍商店）、Lindquist（林奎斯特）、Northern Goldsmiths（北方金匠公司）及Sewill（塞維爾）。
British Admiralty（英國海軍部）及Greenwich Trials（格林威治測試）的紀錄也是極重要資料，但儀器被正式接收的日期並不一定等同製造日期。新製品兩者可能相差達五年；戰時被徵用的其他產品則可能相差多年。英國海軍部採購的航海天文鐘只占整個產業總產量的一小部分，而且其中一些產品在達到要求標準以前，曾多次送交測試。
其他外包工匠留下的資料非常少，而且很少記錄日期，但有時仍可估算其生產數量。
因此，透過研究與推理，而不是憑空猜測，再加上一點必要的想像，即使原始帳冊沒有直接記載日期，也能把年代判定控制在約一至兩年的誤差範圍。Henry Joseph Abbott（亨利・約瑟夫・阿博特）與其子Harry Abbott（哈利・阿博特）的工作簿就是重要資料來源，他們曾替許多製造者雕刻面盤。
連續序號
19、20世紀的重要製造者，例如英國的Kullberg（庫爾貝里）、Poole（普爾）、Johannsen（約翰森）、Dent（登特）、Frodsham（弗羅德舍姆）與Mercer（莫瑟），歐洲的Nardin（納爾丹）與Wempe（溫佩），以及美國的Hamilton（漢米爾頓），都採用連續編號方式記錄其產品。「因此……」
七、彩色圖版與實物照片圖說節錄
John Arnold No.30/120，第6頁對頁
原文
Chronometer No.30/120 by John Arnold and Son, made in 1791. This instrument was finished by Thomas Prest, who later became foreman of Arnold’s workshop, and has all the features required to make it a precision timekeeper. It is fitted with Arnold’s three-arm balance with bi-metallic rim segments made of a non-magnetic alloy. The balance spring is of a gold alloy and has terminal curves, as invented by Arnold, to improve isochronism. Arnold’s form of spring detent is set in a slot in the top plate and comes very close to the fusee steel (arbor). Arnold discontinued the use of wooden cases after finding that spiders tended to occupy the interiors. The instrument is not so convenient to use as the design introduced by Earnshaw because it had to be picked up and inverted to gain access to the winding square. (Prescot Museum).
正體中文翻譯
John Arnold and Son（約翰・阿諾德父子公司）製造的第30/120號航海天文鐘，製於乾隆56年(1791)。本件由Thomas Prest（湯瑪斯・普雷斯特）完成；Prest（普雷斯特）後來成為Arnold（阿諾德）工場的領班。本件具備作為精密航海天文鐘所需的各項特徵。
它採用Arnold（阿諾德）的三臂式擺輪，其雙金屬外緣分段使用非磁性合金製成。游絲採金合金製作，並具有Arnold（阿諾德）所發明的末端曲線，以改善等時性。
Arnold（阿諾德）式彈簧止動器裝在上層機板的槽中，非常接近fusee steel arbor（錐形均力輪鋼製軸）。Arnold（阿諾德）後來停止使用木製內殼，原因是發現蜘蛛容易進入其內部。
與Earnshaw（恩蕭）後來的設計相比，這種航海天文鐘使用較不方便，因為上鍊時必須把整具儀器拿起並倒轉，才能接觸winding square（上鍊方軸）。Prescot Museum（普雷斯科特博物館）藏。
Thomas Earnshaw No.344，第7頁對頁
原文
A very early one-day marine chronometer by Thomas Earnshaw, of London, No. 344. The instrument has a small diameter dial and is supported on wide brass strap within a large swivelling outer ring, all in a very simple mahogany box with glass circular top. Right: A view of the movement of this instrument.
正體中文翻譯
London（倫敦）的Thomas Earnshaw（湯瑪斯・恩蕭）製造的一具非常早期一日式航海天文鐘，第344號。其面盤直徑較小，航海天文鐘由寬幅黃銅帶支承，置於大型可旋轉外環中，再裝入結構非常簡單、頂部設圓形玻璃觀察窗的桃花心木箱內。右圖為本件機芯。
Victor Kullberg，第7頁
原文
Victor Kullberg (1824-1890), one of the most brilliant and prolific makers of chronometers and movements during the 19th-20th century. Born in Sweden, he came to work in London in 1851.
正體中文翻譯
Victor Kullberg（維克多・庫爾貝里，道光4年(1824)－光緒16年(1890)）是19至20世紀最傑出、產量亦極高的航海天文鐘及機芯製造者之一。出生於Sweden（瑞典），咸豐元年(1851)前往London（倫敦）工作。
John Harrison，第32頁
原文
John Harrison (1693-1776), who eventually won the £20,000 prize offered by the Board of Longitude with his H.4 timekeeper. The present day value of this award is £895,000. His H.3 timekeeper is seen in the background and the successful H.4 watch by his right hand.
正體中文翻譯
John Harrison（約翰・哈里森，康熙32年(1693)－乾隆41年(1776)）最後以H4航海計時器獲得Board of Longitude（經度委員會）提供的20,000英鎊獎金。本書所載當時折算價值為895,000英鎊。照片背景可見H3航海計時器，而成功的H4懷錶則位於其右手旁。
Harrison第一具航海計時器，第33頁
原文
Harrison’s first marine timekeeper for finding longitude, made in 1735. This clock was fitted with a temperature device, a novel escapement known as a ‘grasshopper’, and was almost frictionless in operation. (National Maritime Museum).
正體中文翻譯
Harrison（哈里森）於雍正13年(1735)製作的第一具用於求取經度的航海計時器。這具鐘設有溫度裝置，採用新式grasshopper escapement（蚱蜢式擒縱機構），運轉時幾乎沒有摩擦。National Maritime Museum（英國國家海事博物館）藏。
Chronometer No.17，第38頁對頁
原文
Chronometer No.17 by Pennington, Pendleton and Others for the son of the inventor, made in 1797. Thomas Mudge Jnr. organised the production of some 26 copies of his father’s timekeepers but the spring remontoire escapement was too difficult to manufacture and most were converted to have a platform escapement fitted with Earnshaw’s detent escapement.
The instruments have exceptionally elegant dials with repoussé silver decoration. Mudge Jnr. lost a lot of money on the enterprise because simpler instruments were being manufactured by Arnold and Earnshaw which cost less than a third the amount asked for one of this series. (Prescot Museum).
正體中文翻譯
第17號航海天文鐘，由Pennington（彭寧頓）、Pendleton（彭德爾頓）及其他工匠為原發明者之子製作，製於嘉慶2年(1797)。
Thomas Mudge Jr.（小湯瑪斯・馬奇）組織生產約26具其父親航海計時器的複製品，但spring remontoire escapement（彈簧式恆力擒縱機構）製造過於困難，因此其中多數後來改裝為platform escapement（平台式機構），並採用Earnshaw（恩蕭）式detent escapement（止動式擒縱機構）。
這一系列航海天文鐘具有極為華麗的面盤及repoussé silver decoration（錘揲凸雕銀飾）。Mudge Jr.（小馬奇）在這項計畫中虧損甚多，原因是Arnold（阿諾德）及Earnshaw（恩蕭）當時已能製造結構更簡單的產品，而其售價不到這一系列產品索價的三分之一。Prescot Museum（普雷斯科特博物館）藏。
Litherland, Davies and Co. No.706/16242，第39頁對頁
原文
Two-day marine chronometer No. 706/16242 by Litherland, Davies and Co, Liverpool made about 1825 and contained within its original carrying case. These carrying cases could be screwed to a chart table through the bottom board extensions thus providing a suitable secure location for the chronometer when it was being used on board ship. As the use of chronometers became more widespread it became usual to provide a secure location for them in the chart room when the ship was being fitted out. (Prescot Museum).
正體中文翻譯
Liverpool（利物浦）的Litherland, Davies and Co.（利瑟蘭、戴維斯公司）約於道光5年(1825)製造的兩日式航海天文鐘，第706/16242號，仍保存在原有攜行箱內。
這類攜行箱可利用底板向外延伸的部分，以螺絲固定於chart table（海圖桌）上，使航海天文鐘在船上使用時具有穩固的位置。隨著航海天文鐘逐漸普及，新造或整備船舶時，也逐漸成為在chart room（海圖室）內替航海天文鐘設置專用固定位置的慣例。Prescot Museum（普雷斯科特博物館）藏。
John Jeffreys懷錶，第39頁
原文
Pocket watch made by John Jeffreys, of London, dated 1753. He was foreman to John Harrison, who always carried one of Jeffreys’ watches. Larcum Kendall, who made a replica of H.4 watch, was apprenticed to him. Colonel Humphrey Quill, an authority on Harrison, states that Harrison designed this watch and allowed Jeffreys to sign it. Mechanically it is very similar to H.4 and has his special verge escapement with diamond pallets provided with curved backs. It is almost certainly the earliest example of a watch with maintaining power, temperature compensation and having jewelled holes for its pivots. (In 1905 it was sold to a Mr Rust of Hull, who preserved it in a safe of his jeweller’s shop in Silver Street. During the last war the shop was destroyed by bombs and the watch was baked for 10 days. It was restored in 1964. (Guildhall Museum).
正體中文翻譯
London（倫敦）的John Jeffreys（約翰・傑弗里斯）製作、標示乾隆18年(1753)的懷錶。Jeffreys（傑弗里斯）曾任John Harrison（約翰・哈里森）工場領班，而Harrison（哈里森）自己也經常攜帶Jeffreys（傑弗里斯）製作的錶。後來製作H4複製品的Larcum Kendall（拉克姆・肯德爾）亦曾師從Jeffreys（傑弗里斯）。
研究Harrison（哈里森）的權威Colonel Humphrey Quill（漢弗萊・奎爾上校）認為，這只懷錶實際上由Harrison（哈里森）設計，再允許Jeffreys（傑弗里斯）署名。其機械結構與H4極為相似，採用Harrison（哈里森）特殊的verge escapement（冠輪式擒縱機構），並使用背面呈曲線的diamond pallets（鑽石擒縱瓦）。
它幾乎可以確定是目前所知最早同時具有maintaining power（恆動力裝置）、temperature compensation（溫度補償）以及寶石軸承孔的懷錶之一。
光緒31年(1905)，本錶售予Hull（赫爾）的Mr Rust（拉斯特先生），收藏在Silver Street（銀街）珠寶店的保險箱內。第二次世界大戰期間店舖遭炸彈摧毀，該錶在火場高溫中持續受熱約十日，最後於民國53年(1964)完成修復。Guildhall Museum（市政廳博物館）藏。
八、第66頁「Three Tier Brass-Bound Chronometer Box」
Three Tier Brass-Bound Chronometer Box三層式黃銅包角航海天文鐘木箱
TOP OR OBSERVATION LID — 上層蓋／觀察蓋
BEZEL — 面框
DIAL — 面盤
MOVEMENT — 機芯
BOWL — 黃銅鐘體內殼
GIMBAL LOCKING SCREW — 萬向環鎖定螺絲
GIMBALS — 萬向環
TIPSY OR RATCHET — 棘輪式固定裝置
STOP HINGE — 限位鉸鏈
BRASS CORNERS — 黃銅包角
LIVERPOOL OR FLUSH OR CAMPAIGNE HANDLES — Liverpool式（利物浦式）／嵌入式／軍旅式提把
David Penney 1989 — David Penney（大衛・彭尼），民國78年(1989)繪製
九、世界各國航海天文鐘圖錄節錄
A. Johannsen & Co.，第67頁
原文
Eight-day marine instrument by A. Johannsen & Co, London, No. 9208, in plain mahogany box and, left, fine quality 2-frame movement with Poole auxiliary compensation. Palladium hairspring.
正體中文翻譯
London（倫敦）A. Johannsen & Co.（A.約翰森公司）製造的八日式航海儀器，第9208號，裝於簡潔的桃花心木箱內。左圖為高品質雙機架機芯，採Poole auxiliary compensation（普爾輔助補償裝置）。游絲材質為Palladium（鈀）。
Louis Jurgensen，第68頁
原文
A plain mahogany box houses this early instrument by Louis Jurgensen, of Copenhagen. The movement, below, is numbered XXIII. Very ornate carrying handles unsuitable for ship’s chronometer locker. The escape wheel and pinion has a separate cock and is jewelled.
正體中文翻譯
這具由Copenhagen（哥本哈根）的Louis Jurgensen（路易・尤根森）製造的早期航海天文鐘，裝在簡潔的桃花心木箱內。下圖機芯編號為XXIII。
木箱所裝提把裝飾非常華麗，並不適合船上chronometer locker（航海天文鐘儲存櫃）的實際使用。其escape wheel（擒縱輪）及pinion（小齒輪）具有獨立夾板，並採用寶石軸承。
L. Leroy & Cie. No.675，第69頁
原文
A two-day marine chronometer No. 675, by L. Leroy & Cie, Paris. Made c1883. Louis Leroy was the son of Theodore-Marie Leroy who also won many awards with his instruments.
正體中文翻譯
Paris（巴黎）L. Leroy & Cie（L.勒魯瓦公司）製造的兩日式航海天文鐘，第675號，約製於光緒9年(1883)。Louis Leroy（路易・勒魯瓦）之父Theodore-Marie Leroy（泰奧多爾－馬里・勒魯瓦）同樣以其精密鐘錶獲得過許多獎項。
Hamilton Watch Co.，第86頁
原文
Two-day marine chronometer by Hamilton Watch Co of Lancaster, Pa., U.S.A. No. 2E12198, with arabic numerals to silvered dial. Prolific makers from 1943-1955, with a production of 500 a month.
正體中文翻譯
美國Pennsylvania（賓夕法尼亞州）Lancaster（蘭開斯特）的Hamilton Watch Co.（漢米爾頓鐘錶公司）製造的兩日式航海天文鐘，第2E12198號，鍍銀面盤採用阿拉伯數字時標。
Hamilton（漢米爾頓）於民國32至44年(1943–1955)期間大量生產此類航海天文鐘，每月產量約500具。
George Margetts No.166，第87頁
原文
The dial of an eight-day ‘timekeeper’, No. 166, by George Margetts, of London, who made complex astronomical watches as well as chronometers. Made c1795, it has an enamel dial, convex glass and side-winding mechanism to the movement.
正體中文翻譯
London（倫敦）的George Margetts（喬治・馬傑茨）製造的八日式「timekeeper（計時器）」第166號面盤。Margetts（馬傑茨）除了航海天文鐘外，也製作複雜astronomical watches（天文錶）。
本件約製於乾隆60年(1795)，採用enamel dial（琺瑯面盤）、convex glass（凸面玻璃），機芯則使用side-winding mechanism（側向上鍊機構）。
十、第92至93頁「Interpretations and Abbreviations on the Records」
The word CHRONOMETER indicates that it is a basic timepiece with detent escapement and is free sprung.「CHRONOMETER」表示該計時器基本形式採用detent escapement（止動式擒縱機構），並為自由式游絲配置。
All numbers with no notation are 1 or 2-day models.凡序號後沒有另加註記者，均為一日式或兩日式型號。
All other types have a notation, 8-day, Pocket, SY, CHC, etc.其他型式均另有註記，例如8-day（八日式）、Pocket（懷式）、SY、CHC等。
Addresses and their dates of occupation are all taken from records, although the occupant could have been there for a longer period than stated.地址及其使用年代均依現存記錄整理，但實際使用者在該址活動的時間可能比記錄所示更長。
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS — 其他縮寫
A — Maker to the Admiralty.英國海軍部指定製造者。
↑ — purchased by the Admiralty由英國海軍部購入。
b — born出生。
BHI — British Horological Institute.British Horological Institute（英國鐘錶學會）。
C — Craftsman.工匠。
CC — Clockmakers Company.Clockmakers Company（鐘錶匠公會）。
c — circa.約、約於。
C’well — Clerkenwell, London, ECClerkenwell（克勒肯維爾），London（倫敦）EC郵政區。
d — died逝世。
E — London postal districtLondon（倫敦）郵政區。
EC — London postal districtLondon（倫敦）EC郵政區。
8D — Eight-day Marine Chronometer八日式航海天文鐘。
GD — Gore’s DirectoryGore’s Directory（《戈爾名錄》）。
GM — Guildhall MuseumGuildhall Museum（市政廳博物館）。
HJ — Horological JournalHorological Journal（《鐘錶學期刊》）。
HN — Highest number found目前發現的最高序號。
KewA — Certificated at Kew Observatory.經Kew Observatory（邱天文台）認證。
KD — Kelly’s DirectoryKelly’s Directory（《凱利名錄》）。
LN — Lowest number found.目前發現的最低序號。
M — A Maker (manufacturer, finisher and springer)「Maker」：實際製造、精修及製作／調校游絲的製造者。
m — maker (name on dial)「maker」：面盤上署名的業者。
N — Attributed instrument numbers推定歸屬的儀器序號。
N — (in address) Nautical Optician.地址欄中的N：Nautical Optician（航海光學儀器商）。
Ng — Goodison (see References)Goodison（古迪森，參見參考資料）。
ON — Other numbers recorded其他已記錄序號。
PG — Pigot’s DirectoryPigot’s Directory（《皮戈特名錄》）。
R — Retailer or Wholesaler零售商或批發商。
S — Scientist科學家。
SE — London postal districtLondon（倫敦）SE郵政區。
SM — Science MuseumScience Museum（科學博物館）。
SW — London postal districtLondon（倫敦）SW郵政區。
SY — Survey Chronometer測量用天文鐘。
U — End user (e.g. Shipowner, Laboratory, Government Department etc.)最終使用者，例如船東、實驗室、政府機關等。
W — Author作者。
W — (in address) London postal district地址欄中的W：London（倫敦）W郵政區。
WC — London postal districtLondon（倫敦）WC郵政區。
1stG — Top at the Greenwich TrialsGreenwich Trials（格林威治測試）第一名。
6. PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURERS
Abbreviations for the principal manufacturers of the 19th and 20th century who sold their chronometers to other Makers and makers.
19、20世紀主要製造者的縮寫；這些製造者曾將其航海天文鐘出售給其他「Maker」或署名銷售的「maker」。
Cl — Clerke F. W. — 1820-1885
Cn — Cogden T. S. — 1818-1885
Cp — Crisp W. B. — 1825-1895
Cs — Cairns A. — 1820-1886
Cy — Carley G. — c1805-1879
D — Dodd T. — c1840-1920
F — Fletcher, J. — 1802-1882
Fm — Frodsham, C. — 1810-1871
H — Hammersley, J. — 1819-1901
Hn — Hamilton — (making) 1943-1957
J — Johannsen, A. — c1840-1910
K — Kullberg, V. — 1824-1890
L — Lawson, J. — c1820-1880
M — Mercer, T. — 1822-1900 onwards
Md — Mead, A. — 1840-1919
Nn — Nardin, U. — 1823-1876 onwards
P — Poole, J. — 1818-1867
Py — Pyott, J. — c1840-1918
Se — Sills, E. — c1880-1944
Sm — Smith, J. — c1820-1880
Uc — Usher, J. & Cole, R. W. — 1868-1935
Wj — White J. — c1880-1955
Wp — Wempe, G. D. — 1938 onwards
十一、第292頁製造者與工匠名錄節錄
Spain（西班牙）
Albino, A.
Couillaut, E.
de Losada, J.R.
Molina, A.
Muroz, Blas
Pujois, De La B.
Reigo, M.
Sanchez, C.
Sweden（瑞典）
Ahlberg, A.
Andersson, C.H.
Ericsson, A.
Gasaccumulator A/B
Kullberg, V.
Lauren, P.A.
Linderoth, G.W.
Lindquist, W.
Lofberg, R.
Malmsjo
Peterson, M.
Rederiaktiebolaget Nordstjernan
Soderburg, V.
Swedish Lloyd
Tamberg
Wennerstrom, G. & P.
Switzerland（瑞士）
Balavoine, M.F.
Borel & Courvoisier
Bovet, E.
Breitling, U.
Breton, P.
Chopard
Courvoisier, A.
Demole, A.
Ditisheim, P.
Desoutter, L.
Dubois, F.W.
Duchene, L & E (not in main listing)
Facio, N.
Favre
Favre-Bulle, F-L.
Fazy, J.
Gautier, L.
Girard, P.
Grandjean, H.
Grosclaude, C.H.
Grossmann, J. & H.
Hillgreen, A.
Houriet, J-F.
Huguenin et Fils
Jaccard, E.H.
Jeannot
Jean Richard-dit-Bresse, L.
Jurgensen, J.
Kunzler, R.
Lebet & Bovet
Lebet & Fils
Lecoultre, A.
Lequin & Yersin
Mairet, C.
Mairet, S.
Marie, H.F.
Mathey-Doret, P.
Mathez, F.
Matile, H.L.
Melly, H.
Mermod, F.
Mole & Mangin
Nardin, J.
Nardin, U.
Pailliard, C-A.
Patek Philippe
Pellaton, J.
Pellaton-Favre, A.
Perregaux, G.
Perret, A.
Perret, P.
Pettavel, J.A.
Ramuz, H.
Reymond, M.G.
Richard, L.
Rivaz, J.P.
Rozat, L.
Sandos, L.
Ullman, J.
West End Watch
十二、附錄「The Mercer Chronometer」，第293至296頁
第293頁標題：
The Mercer ChronometerMercer（莫瑟）航海天文鐘
Fig. 1 The movement c. 1974圖1：約民國63年(1974)的機芯總成
第294頁：
Fig. 2 Barrel assembly圖2：發條鼓總成
Fig. 3 Detent assembly圖3：止動擒縱總成
Fig. 4 4th wheel and pinion assembly圖4：第四輪與小齒輪總成
Fig. 5 Escape pinion assembly圖5：擒縱小齒輪總成
Fig. 6 Balance staff assembly圖6：擺輪軸總成
第295頁：
Fig. 7 (box and gimbals)圖7：木箱與萬向環
Mercer detent pre 1937民國26年(1937)以前型Mercer（莫瑟）止動擒縱機構
第296頁零件表全文
Detent assembly — 止動擒縱總成
Small roller assembly — 小滾輪總成
Large roller assembly — 大滾輪總成
Detent spring assembly — 止動簧總成
Gold spring — 金質彈簧
Escape pinion assembly — 擒縱小齒輪總成
Third pinion assembly — 第三小齒輪總成
4th wheel & pinion assembly — 第四輪與小齒輪總成
Jewel screw — 寶石軸承螺絲
Balance staff — 擺輪軸
Up and down hand assembly — 儲能顯示指針總成
Escape wheel — 擒縱輪
Impulse pallet — 衝量石
Discharging pallet — 解鎖石
Locking pallet — 鎖定石
Fourth jewel hole assembly — 第四寶石孔總成
Jewel hole assembly — 寶石孔總成
Endstone assembly — 端石總成
Balance cock endstone — 擺輪夾板端石
Key assembly — 鑰匙總成
Mainspring — 發條
Centre pinion assembly — 中心小齒輪總成
Seconds hand assembly — 秒針總成
Minute hand assembly — 分針總成
Hour hand assembly — 時針總成
Barrel assembly — 發條鼓總成
Chain assembly — 鍊條總成
Balance spring — 游絲
Balance spring assembly — 游絲總成
Fusee assembly — 錐形均力輪總成
Fusee slide spring — 錐形均力輪滑板簧
Barrel arbor — 發條鼓軸
Cannon pinion — 筒形齒輪
Detent click assembly — 止動棘爪總成
Needle screw — 指針螺絲
Up and down pinion — 儲能顯示小齒輪
Fusee pipe seal (cork) — 錐形均力輪管軸密封軟木
Edge screw — 邊緣螺絲
Dial screw — 面盤螺絲
Pendulum screw — 擺錘螺絲
Tension screw — 張力調整螺絲
Detent adjustment screw — 止動器調整螺絲
Pad screw — 墊片螺絲
Barrel ratchet click screw — 發條鼓棘爪螺絲
Fusee stop screw — 錐形均力輪止動螺絲
Potence screw — 支承臂螺絲
Balance cock screw — 擺輪夾板螺絲
Pillar screw — 支柱螺絲
3rd and 4th bar screw — 第三、第四輪橋板螺絲
Gold spring screw — 金質彈簧螺絲
Banking stud (detent foot) screw — 限位柱（止動器底座）螺絲
Balance staff assembly — 擺輪軸總成
Escape pinion — 擒縱小齒輪
Balance staff screw — 擺輪軸螺絲
Barrel and cover assembly — 發條鼓及蓋總成
Pendulum screw — 擺錘螺絲
Pendulum stud — 擺錘柱
Inner box (box only) — 內箱（僅箱體）
Outer box - foam lined plywood — 外箱，泡棉內襯合板製
Inner box (box only) — 內箱（僅箱體）
Outer box - foam lined plywood — 外箱，泡棉內襯合板製
Inner box with gimbals — 附萬向環內箱
Inner box with gimbals — 附萬向環內箱
Gimbal ring — 萬向環
Gimbal ring — 萬向環
Ring bracket — 環架
Ring bracket (ring side) — 環架（環側）
Ring bracket — 環架
Ring bracket (right side) — 環架（右側）
Gimbal bracket screw — 萬向環支架螺絲
Gimbal bracket screw — 萬向環支架螺絲
Box screw — 箱體螺絲
Knurled nut — 滾花螺帽
Pivot screw — 樞軸螺絲
Pivot screw — 樞軸螺絲
Pivot screw — 樞軸螺絲
Pivot screw — 樞軸螺絲
Pivot screw — 樞軸螺絲
Tongue bracket — 舌片支架
Tongue bracket screw — 舌片支架螺絲
Tongue — 舌片
Tongue — 舌片
Tongue button — 舌片按鈕
Gimbal locking screw — 萬向環鎖定螺絲
Bowl bracket assembly — 鐘體內殼支架總成
Bowl bracket assembly — 鐘體內殼支架總成
Locking bracket — 鎖定支架
Scollop plate screw — Scollop板螺絲
Scollop plate button — Scollop板按鈕
Scollop plate spring — Scollop板彈簧
Box pivot screw — 箱體樞軸螺絲
Box washer — 箱體墊圈
Ring pivot screw — 環架樞軸螺絲
Ring pivot washer — 環架樞軸墊圈
Bowl bracket — 鐘體內殼支架
護封背面圖說
The movement of the Loseby chronometer
Loseby航海天文鐘的機芯
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