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民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱

  • 2023年10月30日
  • 讀畢需時 13 分鐘

已更新:4月5日

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》


World War II - 1943: US ARMY AIR FORCE, Ground Camera Type C-3, SERIAL NO. 43-29794, Mfrs. of Graflex and Speed Graphic Cameras 二戰-民國32年:美國陸軍航空隊,格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機,序號:43-29794《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
World War II - 1943: US ARMY AIR FORCE, Ground Camera Type C-3, SERIAL NO. 43-29794, Mfrs. of Graflex and Speed Graphic Cameras 二戰-民國32年:美國陸軍航空隊,格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機,序號:43-29794《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1. 基本資料

  • 文物名稱: 民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱

  • 英文名稱: 1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

  • 文物序號: 43-29794

  • 製造年份: 民國32年(1943)(第二次世界大戰時期)

  • 製造單位: The Folmer Graflex Corp. (Mfrs. of Graflex and Speed Graphic Cameras)

  • 生產國家: 美國 (Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.)

  • 館藏單位: 黑水博物館 (Black Water Museum)


2. 藏品說明

本件藏品為一套極為完整、含原裝收納箱的二戰時期美國陸軍航空隊地面攝影設備,全套組件包含相機主機、閃光燈系統、測光表、底片耗材及各類操作手冊。


相機主機與光學系統: 採皮腔摺疊設計之大畫幅相機,機身包覆黑色荔枝紋蒙皮,機身左側保留完整的原裝真皮手提帶。本機具備 Speed Graphic 系列標誌性的「雙重快門系統」:

  1. 前端葉片快門搭載由 Wollensak Rochester 為 Graflex 生產的經典「Graflex Optar」鏡頭,焦距為 127mm,最大光圈為 f/4.5(序號為 N 289988)。 配合「Rapax」機械快門,提供最高 1/200 秒的速度。從實物特寫可見,快門本身並無內建同步接點,而是在鏡頭板左下方安裝了一具早期的「格拉菲電磁同步器」(Early Graflex Solenoid)。根據歷史文獻,典型的美國陸軍航空隊 C-3 型通常會在鏡頭正上方安裝特製的黑色電磁同步器(Special Black Solenoid);但本件館藏配備的則是早期的銀色版本。它透過底部的雙針(Bi-post)接點連接閃光燈把手,當按下閃光燈按鈕時,會以電磁方式連動推桿來觸發機械快門,確保快門開啟的瞬間與閃光燈泡(Flash bulb)的光譜峰值達到完美同步。此配置也真實反映了戰時軍用設備在不同批次間的組裝多樣性。

  2. 後端焦平面快門:機身頂部鑲嵌有一塊的金屬對照牌,列出了發條張力(Tension Number)與布簾開口(Curtain Aperture)對應的快門數值。此內建於機身後方的焦平面快門(Focal Plane Shutter)可提供高達 1/1000 秒的快門。機身右側上方設有一個帶有刻度的「焦平面快門捲簾上鍊旋鈕(Shutter Winding Knob)」,用於切換狹縫尺寸(A、B、C、D 檔位);配合位於機身右下方的「發條張力調節鈕(Tension Knob)」,攝影師可精確設定快門速度。相機前面板向下展開成為軌道底板後,可拉出黑色蛇腹皮腔。


取景與對焦系統: 為應付多變的戰地環境,本機具備四套完備的取景對焦機制:

  1. 毛玻璃對焦屏與摺疊遮光罩:機身後方設有大型毛玻璃對焦屏,展開其四向摺疊遮光罩後,攝影師可觀察到透鏡投射的倒立影像,進行最精確的構圖與調焦。遮光罩內側帶有細微的遮光紋理,避免雜光干擾。

  2. 聯動測距儀:機身側邊配有 Kalart 聯動測距儀(Synchronized Range Finder),其頂部更罕見加裝了 Kalart Focuspot(光點對焦輔助器)。此光點輔助器頂部設有專屬的電氣接頭,透過連接線與側邊的閃光燈模組相連,直接由閃光燈手把內的電池提供電力。此裝置能在低光源或全黑環境中投射光束,當光束於目標物上重合即完成對焦,大幅提升夜間或暗處的拍攝成功率。

  3. 管狀光學取景器(Tubular Optical Viewfinder):位於機身頂部右側,取景器殼體上方鑄有醒目的「GRAFLEX」標誌。該取景器後方配備了視差補償調節撥盤(Parallax Correction Dial),可根據拍攝距離調整取景仰角,確保近距離拍攝時的構圖準確。

  4. 運動取景器(Sports Finder)與水平儀:前鏡頭座上方設有可拉伸的金屬框線取景器,配合機背上方彈出的折疊式後照門與光學取景目鏡,讓攝影師能快速捕捉動態目標。機身頂部後方還配備了一個圓形水平儀(Spirit Level),確保在地形複雜的戰場環境中仍能維持拍攝畫面的水平穩定。此外,機身頂部側邊與後方對焦屏遮光罩上,皆以鉚釘固定了美國陸軍航空隊專屬金屬銘牌,載明財產歸屬與美國陸軍航空隊規格。


測光與光學配件: 附有一部 Weston Master 通用型測光表(附酒紅色原廠天鵝絨內襯皮套),以及一冊民國30年(1941) 4 月印製的藍色原廠使用手冊,手冊封面上留有當時攝影師手寫的曝光參數筆跡。另配有含橘黃色濾鏡(Orange/Amber Filter)的金屬鏡頭遮光罩,專供黑白攝影提升對比度使用。


閃光燈系統: 側掛式 Kalart 閃光燈模組,包含金屬電池管握把與圓形金屬反光傘,並附有三枚帶有原裝紙質標籤的 Bright Star 專用高輸出閃光燈電池,以及 Kalart 閃光燈操作說明書。


底片與片匣: 包含數個推拉式單頁底片匣,以及兩盒珍貴的 Ansco 品牌大畫幅底片(Superpan Portrait 規格,每盒 24 張,尺寸 3 1/4 x 4 1/4 吋)。外盒採藍紅白經典包裝,背面印有製造地紐約州賓漢頓(Binghamton, N.Y.)及「僅可在全黑環境下開啟(OPEN ONLY IN TOTAL DARKNESS)」之嚴格暗房警語。盒內展示了保護底片的綠色防光包裝紙;包裝上亦詳細標註了底片乳劑批號(Emulsion No. C288-226-5-H1)與該型號專屬的盲人缺口(Identification Notching)圖示,完美保留了當時大片幅底片的封裝細節與歷史規格。


原裝收納箱: 棕色硬殼手提收納箱,採用美國 Excelsior 公司製造的黃銅色金屬鎖扣。箱內設有特製的木質防震隔板,將空間劃分為三區,完美收納相機主體與所有不規則形狀之配件。箱體提把下方貼有紐約「PEERLESS CAMERA STORES」經銷商貼紙。


3. 技術規格

軍用裝備型號: CAMERA, GROUND - TYPE C-3

美國陸軍航空隊序號與合約: SERIAL NO. 43-29794 / ORDER NO. W-535-ac-32362

美國陸軍航空隊規格號 (Specification No.): 75-70

製造商組裝圖號 (Mfr's Assembly Dwg. No.): 25055

鏡頭規格: Graflex Optar, 127mm, f/4.5 (Wollensak Rochester 製造);鏡頭序號:N 289988

雙快門系統:

  1. 前端 Rapax 葉片快門:速度 T, B, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 (最高 1/200 秒);配有外掛式早期型格拉菲電磁同步器(Early Graflex Solenoid)

  2. 後端內建焦平面快門:速度檔位 1/10 至 1/1000 秒;具備捲簾上鍊鈕與專屬張力調節鈕(Tension Knob)

光學與濾鏡: 內建橘黃色對比濾鏡之金屬遮光罩;光圈範圍 f/4.5, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32

對焦與取景系統: 具備四套獨立機制:(1) 機背毛玻璃對焦屏(附摺疊遮光罩)、(2) 側掛式 Kalart 聯動測距儀(附 Focuspot 夜間對焦輔助燈)、(3) 管狀光學取景器(具視差補償調節功能)、(4) 金屬框線式運動取景器(Sports Finder)與後照門;配備機械式圓形水平儀。

測量儀器: Weston Master Universal Exposure Meter (Model 715)

底片規格: 3 1/4 x 4 1/4 吋 (大畫幅單頁底片 Sheet Film)

電源規格: Bright Star Extra Long Life Photo Flash Battery (閃光燈專用電池)


4. 發展歷史

在第二次世界大戰期間,美國陸軍航空隊(U.S. Army Air Force, 民國30年(1941)-民國36年(1947))除了需要安裝於轟炸機上的航空偵察相機外,亦亟需一批堅固耐用、機動性高的「地面照相機」(Ground Camera),用於基地建設紀錄、部隊公關宣傳、人員建檔以及戰地情報搜集。美國陸軍航空隊並未從零開發,而是直接徵用並改裝了當時在美國新聞界極具統治地位的格拉菲(Graflex)大畫幅新聞相機,賦予其「Type C-3」等專屬代號並發放至各部隊服役。

戰爭結束後,大量狀態良好的美國陸軍航空隊設備面臨閒置。美國政府將這些器材作為「軍用剩餘物資」(Military Surplus)釋出至民間市場。本藏品收納箱上的「PEERLESS CAMERA STORES」(當時位於紐約曼哈頓的知名相機大賣場)貼紙,正是這段歷史的完美見證——它說明了這台曾在美國陸軍航空隊服役的相機,於戰後流入紐約的零售通路,開啟了它在民間攝影領域的第二生命。


5. 製造商沿革

格拉菲(Graflex)是 20 世紀美國最具代表性的相機製造商之一,其發展軌跡與近現代攝影史息息相關:

  • 創立與早期發展(清光緒13年(1887) - 清光緒30年(1904)): 公司最早由 William F. Folmer 與 William E. Schwing 於清光緒13年(1887)在紐約市創立(Folmer & Schwing Manufacturing Company)。他們最初製造煤氣燈具與自行車,隨後憑藉發明了先進的焦平面快門(Focal Plane Shutter),成功轉型進入相機製造領域,並推出了首款 Graflex 單眼反光相機。

  • 柯達併購與一戰時期(清光緒31年(1905) - 民國14年(1925)): 清光緒31年(1905),公司被喬治·伊士曼(George Eastman)收購,隨後遷至紐約州羅徹斯特(Rochester),成為伊士曼柯達(Kodak)旗下專責製造專業大型相機的部門。民國元年(1912),該部門推出了後來名垂青史的「Speed Graphic」新聞相機原型。在第一次世界大戰期間,他們開始為美國陸軍航空隊(及其前身陸軍航空勤務隊)開發早期的航空偵察相機與光學設備,奠定了與美國陸軍航空隊合作的基礎。

  • 獨立與二戰黃金期(民國15年(1926) - 民國34年(1945)): 受限於美國反壟斷法的規範,該部門於民國15年(1926)被迫從柯達拆分,獨立為「The Folmer Graflex Corporation」(即本藏品銘牌上的名稱)。民國19年(1930)至民國29年(1940)年代是其巔峰時期,Speed Graphic 系列幾乎 100% 壟斷了美國報界與新聞攝影市場。隨著二戰爆發,公司迅速轉向軍工生產,為美國陸軍航空隊製造了大量如本藏品「C-3 型地面照相機」及 K-20 航空相機等堅固耐用的專業光學設備。

  • 戰後轉型與沒落(民國35年(1946) - 民國49年(1960)年代): 民國35年(1946),公司正式更名為「Graflex, Inc.」。戰後初期,Graflex 持續主導新聞攝影領域,但隨著輕便的 35mm 相機(如 Leica、Nikon)與中片幅雙眼相機(如 Rolleiflex)的崛起,大畫幅相機逐漸式微。公司雖嘗試轉型推出 35mm 及雙反相機,但未能挽回市場頹勢,並於民國45年(1956)被 General Precision Equipment 收購。

  • 現代餘音與流行文化遺產(民國59年(1970)年代至今): 民國57年(1968),公司再度被勝家公司(Singer Corporation)收購,最終因無法抵擋攝影器材小型化與電子化的時代浪潮,於民國62年(1973)全面停止生產相機。然而,Graflex 這個品牌並未真正被遺忘;除了在骨董相機收藏界享有崇高地位外,其生產的 3-cell 閃光燈管,在民國59年(1970)年代末被《星際大戰》(Star Wars)劇組選中,改裝成了天行者路克(Luke Skywalker)的「光劍」道具,讓這個二戰時期的美國陸軍航空隊攝影霸主,以另一種極具傳奇色彩的科幻面貌,永遠流傳於現代流行文化中。


6. 藏品價值

本件文物具備極高的軍事史、攝影史與工業設計研究價值。

  1. 極高的完整度: 經歷近八十年的歲月,能將相機主機、閃光燈、測光表、未拆封底片耗材及脆弱的原裝紙本說明書(甚至包含電池)與原廠隔層收納箱一同完整保存至今,實屬難得。

  2. 鮮活的歷史印記: 測光表說明書上遺留的攝影師手寫曝光參數筆跡,以及箱體上的紐約相機行貼紙,讓這件藏品不僅僅是工業量產品,更是見證從「二戰戰場」過渡到「戰後民間繁榮」的歷史實體縮影。

  3. 光學與軍用工藝代表作: 銘牌上完整的訂單號與民國32年(1943)的美國陸軍航空隊採購序號,為二戰後勤採購史提供了確鑿的實物證據;其配備的 Graflex Optar 127mm f/4.5 鏡頭(序號 N 289988)、Focuspot 夜間對焦輔助器、多重取景系統(含視差補償),以及高達 1/1000 秒的內建焦平面快門與輔助水平儀,展現了當時美國陸軍航空隊戰地全天候拍攝與捕捉瞬間動態的最高技術水準。


1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

1943 US ARMY AIR FORCE, Graflex Ground Camera Type C-3 Outfit, Serial No. 43-29794 with Original Carrying Case

民國32年(1943)美國陸軍航空隊 格拉菲 C-3 地面照相機套組,序號43-29794與原裝收納箱《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》

We all know the Speed Graphic was the staple US military still camera before, during, and for some time, after WWII. While the Army/Signal Corps was the greatest user of these cameras and generally the only branch of the Forces to have specially modified parts (the black Kodak Supermatic shutters) or whole cameras (the olive drab PH-47-J and KE-12(1) Pacemaker Speed Graphics), the other Forces used pretty much off-the-shelf cameras. Going back to WWI, the US Army Signal Corps was issued Kodak 3A (finished in brown leather and brass hardware) cameras, a total of a few hundred Graflex 3A, Tele Graflex (both in brown leather and brass hardware) cameras, and possibly some standard Speed Graphic cameras. Between the World Wars, specially designated military Graflex cameras seemed to have died out. In about 1937, however, the US Army Air Corps contracted Graflex to supply the USAAC designated “Camera, Ground-Type C-3,” an off-the-shelf 4x5" Speed Graphic, equipped with a dial-set Compur shutter and a Carl Zeiss Tessar lens. After 1940 the same designation (C-3) was applied to the new Anniversary model 4x5" Speed Graphic, and this continued until about 1943, under different contract numbers. A departure from the seemingly strict Armed Forces 4x5" format occurred when Graflex supplied the US Army Air Forces with Miniature Speed Graphics, imaginatively named “Camera, Ground-Type C-4.” Strangely, although all the C-4 cameras known to me have 1941 serial numbers, Air Forces documentation suggests they weren’t supplied until 1943. Sometime after 1947, the latest Pacemaker Speed Graphic was supplied under contract as - yes, you guessed it - the “Camera, Ground-Type C-6.” Early in the 1950s, all military Graflex contracts were done through the General Services Administration, no matter which branch of the Forces the cameras were destined for, so it is quite possible for a Navy or Army camera to have an “AF33 (xxx)xxxxxxxx” contract number.


The major difference between the Air Forces version and the standard camera is the special black solenoid, allowing the shutter to be tripped by the flash handle, mounted on a small black custom plate screwed to the lensboard and immediately above the lens. This same solenoid was later used, with slight modifications, in the wooden-bodied US Navy/USMC Combat Graphic toward the end of WWII.


A secondary difference, and in common with many other AAF 4x5" Speed Graphics, are the three small red or (probably faded orange) dots on the front lens of the top tubular viewfinder. According to Tim Holden, a 40-year Graflex employee, they are a parallax correction device for centering subjects at very close distances, at 4 feet, 2 feet or 18 inches when the viewfinder rear eyepiece distance is set at 6 feet.


Yet another difference, but only in contrast with the C-3 and C-6 4x5" cameras, is the use of a plastic military nomenclature plate, on the outside of the front door, instead of the usual metal version. Most of the plastic plates are now brittle and very fragile. On two of my cameras, the plates are now missing, but the four rivet holes show where they were. The C-4 plate is about half the size as those on the C-3 and C-6 Speed Graphics.


Two of the cameras are fitted with the small silver-faced Graphex shutter and Graflex Optar f4.5 101mm, and the above mentioned black solenoid, while the third camera (number 293525) is fitted with a silver-faced Kodak Supermatic No. 1, an Ektar f/4.5 101mm with an “EC”(1941) serial number prefix, and an early Graflex solenoid. Whether this last camera left the factory equipped like that is speculation. It is certainly different from other (and that’s not many) C-4 cameras I have seen. All three cameras have a circular white Acceptance Stamp* on the inside of the bed: number 292625 and number 293703 have small stamps, approx 9mm diameter, while number 293525 (again the odd one) has a 15mm diameter stamp. All C-4s have the standard Mini Speed Graphic spring back, of course, with the built-in focal plane shutter flash sync.


The C-4 was supplied in a small unmarked brown leather-cased outfit, that seems poorly equipped when compared to the other military outfits, or “camera sets.” Inside the case is the camera, lens hood and K2 filter, a two-cell Graflex flash with 5" reflector, two flash sync cords, one double-sided Graphic sheet film holder, and a Graphic film pack adapter. Barely enough room is left for a couple of flash bulbs.


This (“Camera, Ground-Type C-3”) is the most common version of the AAF Speed Graphics. The C-3 history spans both the pre-Anniversary and Anniversary Speed Graphics, and the earliest (Pre-Anniversary) example in the collection is serial number 197145, from 1937. My C-3 Anniversary model serial numbers are 268369 (1940), 308065 (1942), 320902 (1943) and 321051 (also 1943). All cameras appear to be stock standard models of their time, meaning some have chrome metal parts, and others are all black. The all black wartime Anniversary models have the three red dots on the front of the top viewfinders, while the Pre-Anny version and earlier Anniversary versions have no dots. All cameras have a metal military nomenclature plate fitted to the outside of the front door.


The 1937 model has a Wollensak Alphax with a No. 32 Kodak Anastigmat f/4.5 6 3/8" lens. As the lens serial number begins with “EC,” I believe it was replaced by the AAF in 1941, as my earliest Anniversary C-3 also has the same shutter/lens combination. Research suggests the early pre-Anniversary C-3 cameras were originally fitted with a dial-set Compur shutter and a Carl Zeiss Tessar of 13.5cm or 15cm focal length. The Alphax shutters are connected to the first model (c1941) Graflex flat top solenoid which is mounted on the right side, as viewed from the front of the camera.


All the wartime C-3 Anniversary models seem to be fitted firstly with a No. 3 Supermatic shutter and No. 32 Kodak Anastigmat f/4.5 6 3/8" lens and later the silver No. 2 Supermatic shutter and 127mm Ektar lens, although there appears to be considerable overlap. I have seen a photo (in a 1943 Air Forces manual) of a C-3 equipped with a Graphex shutter and an unknown lens, which looks large enough to be the No. 32 Kodak or maybe a 135mm Optar. All of mine have the standard Graphic spring back, and I haven’t seen any with a Graflex back. Whether any C-3s were made after 1943 is not known, so if anyone has any information on later ones, please let me know. A May 1943 USAAF publication mentions 4778 cameras already “at hand” with further procurements of 400 (April ’43), 400 (May ’43), 491 (June ’43), 500 (July ’43) and a further 300 for each month August through December 1943, giving a grand total of 8,069 camera outfits (see next paragraph) at the cost of $243.35 each.


The C-3 came in a fully loaded black leather, purple lined case with “CASE TYPE C-3 CAMERA” proudly stenciled in white across the front. Inside was the camera, a Crown No. 1 wooden tripod, 3-cell Graflex flash, side extension flash, 7" and 5" reflectors, flash cords, six Graphic double-sided sheet film holders, a Graphic film pack adapter, lens hood and filter holder, filters, a black focusing cloth, and, in some outfits, a Bausch & Lomb 88mm wide-angle lens. There was also room for film, flash bulbs and a light meter. I swear every photographer finished the war 4" shorter after carrying that lot around!





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