RESTRICTED, GUIDE to the WESTERN PACIFIC, For the use of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps of the United States of America.,CinCPac-CinCPOA Bulletin, No. 126-44 August, 1944
機密文件，西太平洋指南，供美國陸軍、海軍和海軍陸戰隊使用。太平洋艦隊總司令部-太平洋戰區總司令 公告，第 126-44 號。民國33年8月《Black Water Museum Collections | 黑水博物館館藏》
前進日本的跳板
當美軍在查閱地圖時，諸如瓜佳林環礁（Kwajalein）、塞班島（Saipan）及威克島（Wake），或者塔拉瓦環礁（Tarawa）、馬庫斯島（南鳥島/Marcus）與雅浦島（Yap）等的發音讓他們覺得好笑或者奇怪。
這塊地區還有恩格比島（Engebi。譯註：位於埃內韋塔克環礁）、羅塔島（Rota）、博寧群島（小笠原群島/the Bonins）和楚克群島（Truk）、馬久羅環礁（Majuro）、納穆爾島（Namur）及帛琉群島（Palau）、福爾摩沙（Formosa）、科斯雷島（Kusaie）、埃內韋塔克環礁（Eniwetok）、與羅伊島（Roi）、還有波納佩島（Ponape）、關島（Guam）跟達瓦烏島（Davαο）。
這些讓人舌頭打結、奇怪且拗口的小地點，為我們的軍隊指明了由空中、海上及越過山區和平原的路徑，以擊潰我們的敵人日本。
序言
美國人應該會喜歡太平洋，他們喜歡大東西，而太平洋大到可以滿足最挑剔的人。
它於明武宗正德9年（主曆1513）被穿越巴拿馬地峽時的西班牙探險家巴爾波瓦（Vasco Núñez de Balboa），因為看見了波光粼粼且毫無邊際的藍色海水而「發現」的，他因此事而被國家授以「南方大洋海軍上將」頭銜。
七年後，當葡萄牙人麥哲倫（Fernão de Magalhães）從大西洋穿過海峽進入這片海洋時，給了它「太平洋」這個名字；而這個位於南美洲南端的海峽現在以他的名字來命名。他和他的船員被襲擊他船隊的南極洲狂風搞得筋疲力盡，並十分感激這溫和的信風將他由西北方向吹過這片平靜的水域，此時「和平的」這個形容詞便自然而然地出現在他的腦海裡。
今日來說，巴爾波瓦和麥哲倫都不是第一個親見太平洋的白人；很久，馬可波羅（Marco Polo）與其威尼斯的冒險家同伴們曾從太平洋西邊的水域，自中國沿馬來半島航行至其它亞洲港口。但是他們並不明瞭這片水域有多廣闊，或許他們以為它是中國海岸沿線的一處狹窄湖海。
麥哲倫所取的名字有點進退兩難的感覺，那是個悅耳、親切的名字，而且多數時候這片海洋的確名符其實，但有些時候則否，太平洋有著可怕的風暴—颱風；海浪翻騰如山之高，早在日本人於珍珠港偷襲我們之前，太平洋沿岸大陸與海島地區已是累積許多血腥戰鬥的舞台。
暴風襲擾、鮮血淋漓的太平洋是地理上最大的事物—我們所知地球上最大的事物。它的面積為1億6千6百萬平方公里（6千4百萬平方英里），其水量足以覆蓋全球所有的土地，剩下的水還足以覆蓋另一個非洲。太平洋是所有海洋裡最湛藍、最溫暖，同時也是最深的。
在菲律賓群島附近的民答那峨海溝測深達到10,800公尺（35,424英尺）的底部，下探之深遠勝於聖母峰之高。這片汪洋的西邊有許多這樣的「海溝」—在這些無法穿透的黑暗海床上的溝渠裡生活著奇特的海洋生物，這些生物挑戰了人類的想像力；這些海溝的平均深度為4.03公里（2.5英里）。
太平洋只有在一個方面被其它海洋超越—它沒那麼鹹，因此在太平洋游泳比在大西洋更難。但它夠鹹，鹹到喝它會很危險。
在此次太平洋的調查中，將只列入赤道以北、西經180度（國際換日線）與北緯40度以南的區域。本書中間的地圖標明了這個地區內有待深入調查的各個島群。
即使在這個地帶，距離也是極其遙遠，補給或者軍人所謂的後勤便成了戰爭的（主要）問題。從檀香山到橫濱有6,297公里（3,400海浬），從檀香山到馬尼拉有8,519公里（4,600海浬），從馬尼拉到東京有3,241公里（1,750海浬）。假如一支護送船隊每天航行403公里（250英哩）的話，不難理解為何我們發動攻勢需要耗費大量時間，以及為何所運送的都是基本物資。
北太平洋和西太平洋的島嶼大部份是由火山生成，並處於不同的發展階段，在某些島群如馬紹爾群島，其原始山頂已下沉至地表之下，僅有曾經圍繞的珊瑚礁還存在著，被稱為環礁。其它如加羅林群島的楚克島，它是由部份沈沒的山形成，在山與沈入水面的山肩上的珊瑚礁之間留下了有水的潟湖（環礁湖）。還有別的如關島，是火山山峰頂部與附著在海岸線的珊瑚礁，但無環礁湖介於其間。這本冊子的目的是以大綱的方式來提供在這個地區的各個島嶼及群島的主要資料，關於其歷史、地理及人的一些資訊—他們的樣貌、來自何處、生活方式及謀生之道。美國士兵、水手及海軍陸戰隊員們如今已明白這些太平洋小島離好萊塢的標準還很遙遠，不過他們將會發現很多奇怪與有趣的事…
本書旨在這幾個部份協助他們，先前大多數美國人甚至連其名字都未曾聽聞，但這些名字註定要讓數百名從緬因到德克薩斯、從明尼蘇達到路易斯安那、從佛羅里達到華盛頓的美國人，像自家後院一樣地熟悉。
"Stepping Stones to Japan"
The islands like Kwajalein, Saipan, and Wake, Or Tarawa, Marcus, and Yap Sound funny or queer to American troops When they look them up on a map.
There's Engebi, Rota, the Bonins and Truk, Majuro, Namur, and Palau, Formosa, Kusaie, Eniwetok, and Roi, Plus Ponape, Guam, and Davαο.
These tongue-twisting, weird, unpronounceable spots Point the way that our forces will go Through the skies, on the seas, over mountains and plains To knock out our Nipponese foe.
INTRODUCTION
Americans ought to like the Pacific. They like things big. And the Pacific is big enough to satisfy the most demanding.
It was "discovered" in 1513 by the Spanish explorer Balboa who crossed the isthmus of Panama to see its shimmering blue waters stretching out into apparent infinity. He was rewarded by his country for this deed by being created "Admiral of the Great South Sea."
The name "Pacific" was given to the ocean seven years later when the Portuguese, Magellan, entered it from the Atlantic through the straits which now bear his name at the southern tip of South America. He and his men were so weary of the antarctic blasts which battered his ships and so grateful for the mild trade winds which blew him northwest through the placid waters that the adjective "pacific" peaceful-came naturally to his mind.
Now neither Balboa nor Magellan was the first white man to see the Pacific. Marco Polo and his fellow Venetian adventurers had sailed its western waters from China around the Malay Peninsula to other Asiatic ports long before. But they did not know its vast ex- panses. They probably thought of it as a narrow body of water along the China Coast.
Magellan's name has stuck. It's a pleasant name, a kindly name, and often the ocean lives up to its name. Other times it does not. The Pacific has terrific storms-typhoons; its waves pile up to mountainous heights; its continental shores and islands have been the arenas of many bloody battles long before the Japanese struck at us at Pearl Harbor.
The stormy, blood-soaked Pacific is the biggest thing in geography -the biggest thing we know on our globe. It covers about 64,000,000 square miles enough water to cover every acre of land on the globe, with enough left over to cover another Africa. It's the bluest of the oceans and the warmest. And, it's the deepest.
Off the Philippines in the Mindanao Deep soundings reached bottom at 35,424 feet, farther down than Mt. Everest is up. The western part of the ocean has many of these "deeps"-trenches in the ocean
floor where in impenetrable darkness live weird sea creatures which defy human imagination. The average depth is about two and a half miles.
In only one respect is the Pacific outclassed by other oceans-it is not as salty and so it is harder to swim in the Pacific than in the Atlantic. But it's salty enough to make drinking it dangerous.
In this survey of the Pacific only that section north of the equator,
west of 180 degrees (the International Date line) and south of 40° North will be considered. The map in the center of this book shows this area with the various island groups to be treated noted.
Even in this limited zone, the distances are enormous and warfare becomes (mainly) a problem of supply, or logistics as the military men call it. It's 3,400 nautical miles from Honolulu to Yokohama, 4,600 nautical miles from Honolulu to Manila, and 1,750 nautical miles from Manila up to Tokyo. If a convoy sails at 250 miles a day it's not hard to understand why it takes time to mount our offensives and why only the most essential articles are shipped.
The islands of the north and west Pacific are for the most part of volcanic origin and are in varying stages of development. In some groups, such as the Marshalls, the original mountain peak has sunk below the surface and only the coral reef which once surrounded. it remains. These are called atolls. Others, like Truk in the Carolines, consist of mountains which have sunk part way, leaving bodies of water-lagoons-between the mountain and the coral reef built up on the submerged shoulders of the mountain. Still others, Guam, for example, are tops of volcanic peaks with the coral reef attached to the shore line and no lagoon between it and the island. The pur- pose of this pamphlet is to give in outline form the main facts about each of the islands and groups of islands in this area a little about their history and geography, some information on their people- what they look like, where they came from, how they live and how they earn their daily bread. American soldiers, sailors, and marines know by this time that. the isles of the Pacific are not quite up to Hollywood standards. But they will find much that is strange and interesting..
This book is to help them get along in these places which formerly were not even known by name to most Americans but which are destined to become as familiar as their own backyards to hundreds of Americans from Maine to Texas, from Minnesota to Louisiana, from Florida to Washington.
福爾摩沙/臺灣
福爾摩沙，或者中國人與日本人稱之為臺灣，位於中國東南海岸約161公里（100英哩）處，距日本西南方約1,127公里（700英哩），離菲律賓北方約322公里（200英哩）。其位在中國海的關鍵位置已經大致描繪了福爾摩沙的歷史，並使它在當前的爭戰中扮演了重要的角色。
美麗的寶島
這是葡萄牙水手於明世宗嘉靖39年（主曆1590）時為這座島取名的含意。隋文帝開皇20年（主曆600），中國曾佔領福爾摩沙西方約40公里（25英哩）處的幾座島嶼，葡萄牙人後來將這些島嶼取名為「漁人之島」，以居住於其上的漁人來命名之。然而福爾摩沙凶惡的獵人頭原住民嚇走了來自中國的人，並為福爾摩沙招來了不光彩的聲名。能夠與這些未開化者抗衡的只有來自日本和中國、同樣愛好殺戮的海盜；幾個世紀以來，他們在該島上所造成的船難成為中國海最大的危險。
直到南明永曆4年（主曆1650）至清康熙39年（主曆1700）期間，中國因內戰而四分五裂，難民開始逃往福爾摩沙。憑著義無反顧的中國意志力，他們慢慢地將野蠻之人逼回群山之中。在此次移民期間，荷蘭人對該島的商業潛力產生了興趣，並且在西部海岸靠近台南之處建立了一座堡壘和貿易站。一直想要擊敗荷蘭人的西班牙，在北海岸的基隆建造了聖薩爾瓦多城。接著，這兩個國家展開了一場紳士等級的小戰爭，中國移民的作法是隔山觀虎鬥，而福爾摩沙的野蠻人則與所有到來的人進行爭鬥。荷蘭人最終贏了，但其勝利只是短暫的，因為他們反過來被鄭成功（Koxinga）趕走了。這位傑出之士乃是一名獨立自主之男與一名來自日本之女所生，他招集了一支由中國及多股海盜勢力組成的雜牌軍；而在歷經一年的圍攻之後，於永曆16年（主曆1662）驅逐了荷蘭人。鄭成功的海盜王國又反過來於清康熙22年（主曆1683）被中國的滿清皇帝所推翻。但在中國統治下的生活和以往並無差別；中國俗語說：「三年一小反，五年一大亂」，皇帝對這個偏遠地區的興趣缺缺，所派去的官吏甚至不懂當地人民的話；至於獵人頭一族則被趕出精華地區，同時與統治者和被統治者作戰。
FORMOSA
Formosa, or Taiwan as it is called by the Chinese and Japanese, lies about 100 miles off the southeast coast of China, about 700 miles southwest of Japan, and about 200 miles north of the Philippines. Its position at the crossroads of the China Seas has largely maped Formosan history and gives it an important role in the present struggle.
Formosa, the beautiful
That's the meaning of the name given to the island in 1590 by Portuguese sailors. In the year 600, the Chinese had occupied a group of islands lying about 25 miles west of Formosa, and the Portu guese later named these islands "Pescadores", after the fishermen who lived there. But the ferocity of the head-hunting natives on Formosa had kept the Chinese away from that island, and had given Formosa an unsavory reputation. The only people who could stand up to the savages were the equally blood-thirsty Chinese and Japanese pirates, who for centuries made shipwreck on that island the greatest peril in the China Seas.
It was not until the period between 1650 and 1700, when China was torn by civil war, that Chinese refugees began to flee to Formosa. There with true Chinese determination they gradually pushed the savages back into the mountains. During this immigration the Dutch became interested in the commercial possibilities of the island and established a fort and trading station on the west coast near Tainan. Always out to beat the Dutch, the Spanish built Fort San Salvador on the north coast at Keelung, and the two countries set- tled down to a gentlemanly little war while the Chinese immigrants looked on and the savages took on all comers. In the end the Dutch won but their victory was short lived, for they in turn were driven out by Koxinga(鄭成功). This remarkable man, the son of a Chinese freelance and a Japanese mother, gathered a motley force of Chinese and assorted pirates, and in 1662, after a siege which lasted a year, drove out the Dutch. Koxinga's pirate kingdom was in turn overthrown in 1683 by the Manchu emperors of China. But life under Chinese rule was just about what it had been before; "every three years a disorder, and every five years a rebellion" ran the Chinese proverb. The emperors had little interest in this distant province and sent out governors who did not even understand the language of the people; while the headhunters, pushed out of the best lands, fought both rulers and ruled.
縱使生活如此忙碌，中國人在此的人口從明神宗萬曆28年（主曆1600）時的大概1,000人，增長到清德宗光緒26年（主曆1900）時的300萬人。到了19世紀中期，隨著歐洲國家對該國的經濟入侵，另一個令人不安的因素出現了，他們迫使中國的統治者允許船隻進行樟腦、糖及鴉片的交易。這反而又帶來了更多的麻煩，因為當海盜也發現這項交易「有利可圖」時，這些一向不太注意行事方法的歐洲人只能怨聲載道。英法兩國曾經數次對幾個城鎮進行連續砲擊，同時派遣先頭部隊登岸進行突襲。甚至是從德川幕府鎖國政策中覺醒的日本，也認真正視這個難以管理的鄰國之發展可能。在清穆宗同治13年（主曆1874），日本軍隊登岸反擊海盜之暴行達數月之久。之後，當清光緒20年（主曆1894）中日戰爭爆發時，日本人善用他們從該國所獲取的戰鬥知識，佔領了澎湖列島，結果澎湖列島及福爾摩沙在清光緒21年所簽訂（主曆1895）的馬關條約（Treaty of Shimonoseki）下，被迫割讓給日本。不過，日本的麻煩才剛開始，因為福爾摩沙堅持其一貫製造麻煩的名聲，福爾摩沙人(台灣人)起義反抗，組成一個持續約一個月之久的共和政府，並且持續進行了幾年的游擊戰，游擊戰火只是逐漸被撲滅，並且時有爆發。獵人頭的部族在其村落裡持續抵抗中國人及日本人，直到今日都還沒有完全被征服；其中部份還被圍困在持續受監控的隘勇線（Aiyu-sen）或控制線之內，這是一條長達580公里（360英哩）的防衛圍欄，其中370公里（230英哩）是通電鐵絲網。
無可動搖的航空母艦
即使在今日的戰爭之前，日本報紙也將福爾摩沙稱為「南進路線上無可動搖的航空母艦」。首次對菲律賓的空襲正是從福爾摩沙發動的，海軍、空軍和運補基地分別設在基隆、打狗和澎湖列島的馬公，從而形成前進菲律賓的跳板，是進攻中國南方沿岸的基地、船隻運輸路線停靠站，更是日本在戰爭與平時的重要經濟紐帶。
大東亞共榮圈（Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere）是日本對亞洲各國提出的錦繡前程大餅，被征服的國家獲得了一個好聽的名字，日本則得到了「繁榮」；福爾摩沙便是一例很好的說明，它是日本最初搜刮的囊中物之一，並被設定來作為吸引其它受害者的樣板。雖然當日本獲得福爾摩沙之時，兩國的生活水準幾乎一樣，在歷經日本人五十年統治之後，福爾摩沙人(台灣人)每個人獲得的食物僅為日本人的四分之三，嚴重不足。不單是食物的量不足，其品質也沒有因為在福爾摩沙的中國人每個月必須前往當地神社祭拜的事實而有變好。雖然日本自豪地展示在福爾摩沙的工業發展，工業營運幾乎全部由日本獨占事業所壟斷，老闆是日本人、條款是日本人制訂的。福爾摩沙人(台灣人)是劈柴挑水挖煤的人，以極高的利率向日本人借錢來支付日本的稅收，這些稅收部份透過直接撥款或間接手段回到日本，其它大部份則是用來維持日本的官僚體制和防禦工事計畫；這些錢用於灌溉及其它計畫的唯一目的則是為日本提供更多的食物。
亞洲兄弟
日本聲稱他們他們和福爾摩沙的中國人是亞洲兄弟，不過他們一直是蠻橫的兄長，同時大概也是比較聰明的那一位。這座島由天皇任命的日本人所統治，並由當地日本商人為之獻策。最好的工作、最好的學校、醫療照護，換句話說，就是肉汁通通都是他們跟他們孩子的。
福爾摩沙人(台灣人)得到了剩下的，同時還有大量關於他們在日本統治下如何富裕的宣傳。總而言之，這為以中國文化遺產自豪的福爾摩沙人(台灣人)來說，從來都不是件好事。
部份原住民因為對日本人的強大力量印象深刻，便加入了日本的勞動營，不過大多數人對於日本還是無動於衷或是絕對的敵視。全體人民顯得焦躁不安，同時在由革命人士於自由中國重慶所建立的「自由福爾摩沙政府」宣稱暗中破壞行動仍在持續。日本地方政府的基礎為保甲制度，主要訴諸於以家庭為單位的強烈東方情感。十戶為一甲，甲長要為他名下家庭的作為負責。十甲為一保，保長也負有類似的共同責任。每一甲或每一保對其所有成員的行為負責：若一人犯罪，眾人皆須接受合度的懲罰。
山地與平原
福爾摩沙是一座形似榆樹葉的島嶼，南北向是一條長約401公里（249英哩）的山脈與平原地帶，最寬處約150公里（93英哩）。居住條件惡劣的東部海岸分布著幾條山脈，延伸到海處是數百英尺高的壯觀懸崖。其中兩座山，馬禮遜山（玉山，Niitaka）和昔爾為牙山（雪山，Tsugitaka）高約4,268公尺（14,000英尺），為日本帝國境內最高峰。這個地區內為數甚少的河流既短又急，經常流經深邃的峽谷。西部海岸這邊，繼之緩長的斜坡地形則是寬廣的海岸平原。西邊的澎湖列島由七座平坦、海風吹拂的小島以及五十六座更小的島所組成，總面積只有約124平方公里（48平方英哩）。
福爾摩沙位於熱帶氣候與溫帶氣候分界的北回歸線之上，其地理位置賦予福爾摩沙對日本的價值，因為日本在此地能夠首次獲得熱帶地區的原料。在低海拔處，福爾摩沙的溫度與佛羅里達相似。霜期甚少；甚至在山上，降雪也幾乎少見。冬天，也就是乾季，盛行東北季風；而在夏天，南方季風帶來雨水及暴風雨。主要生成於4到12月的颱風，頻繁且劇烈，有時風速達到每小時138.5公里（86英哩）。在冬季，每月平均降雨約為127公釐（5英吋），大雨居多，迎風面的雨多於背風面。福爾摩沙為火山地區，每年發生多達330次的地震，然而大多數並不嚴重。
植被特徵為林相茂盛與極具熱帶風格，從西部平原的棕櫚樹和熱帶果樹，到低矮山坡上長著各種枝繁葉茂的榕樹、與棕櫚樹同高的優美樹蕨及無處不在的竹節草的茂密叢林僅一步之遙。在這裡發現了大量的花，像是蝴蝶蘭與粉紅杜鵑花；而樹木則被長長的苔蘚彩帶給裝飾著。再高一點的是覆蓋著樟樹的高原，這裡的樟樹是世界上同類樹中最大的；再更高的地方則是生長著松樹、雲杉和香柏的森林。在這裡可見到巨大的紅檜木，是世界上第二大樹，與加州的北美紅杉很像，還有珍貴的扁柏（hinoki）或稱為日本檜木。至於更高處則多是岩石山峰，較少為灌木叢所覆蓋。
雖然植被茂密，野生動物卻不多見，鳥類相對地稀少；有水牛和其它的牛，牠們是農場裡常見的馱畜。蛇是唯一真正的問題，已知11種有毒的陸地品種，海裡則有8種海蛇，建議最好遠離牠們。
In spite of this hectic life, the Chinese population grew from approximately 1,000 in the year 1600 to 3,000,000 in 1900. By the middle of the 19th century, still another disturbing element came on the scene with the economic penetration of the country by Eu- ropeans, who forced the Chinese rulers to allow ships to trade in camphor, sugar and opium. This in turn brought more trouble because the Europeans, who were not always careful of their methods, wailed loud and long when the pirates too found this trade "profitable". Several times the British and French bombarded towns and sent landing parties ashore on forays. Even Japan, awakening from the isolation of the Tokugawa Shogunate, opened her eyes to the possibilities of this unruly neighbor, and in 1874 Japanese forces spent several months ashore in retaliation for one of the piratical outrages. The Japanese later put the fighting knowl- edge which they acquired of the country to good use, when war broke out between China and Japan in 1894, Japanese forces occu- pied the Pescadores with the result that the Pescadores and Formosa were ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. Japan's troubles had only started, however, for Formosa continued to live up to its reputation for trouble-making. The Formosans revolted, formed a republic which lasted about a month, and settled down to several years of guerilla warfare, which was only gradually put down and still flares up occasionally. The headhunters in their mountain villages continued to resist both the Chinese and Japa- nese and are not completely conquered to this day. Some of them are still enclosed inside a continuously policed "Aiyu-sen" or guardline, a 360-mile fence of which 230 miles are electrified.
The immovable aircraft carrier
Even before the present war Japanese newspapers spoke of For- mosa as the "immovable aircraft carrier in the line of the south- ward advance". It was from Formosa that the first airraids against the Philippines were launched. Naval, air and supply bases were established at Bako in the Pescadores and at Keelung and Takao, thus making a stepping stone to the Philippines, a base for attacks on the south China coast, a routing station for shipping, and a vital link in Japan's economy in war and peace.
The apparently rosy prospect that the Japanese hold out to Asiatics is the "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere"; the subject peoples get a fine-sounding name and the Japanese get the "prosperity". This is well illustrated in Formosa, one of the first of Japan's acquisitions and, supposedly, a model to attract other victims. Although the standards of living of the two countries were almost identical when Japan acquired Formosa, after 50 years of Japanese rule the Formosans get only three-quarters as much food per person as the Japanese, who get little enough. Not only is the food lacking in quantity, but its quality is not sweetened by the fact that the Formosan-Chinese have to worship once a month at a local Japanese Shinto shrine in order to get even that. Although Japan pointed with pride to industrial development in Formosa, industry was run almost entirely by Japanese monopolies, under Japanese bosses, on Japanese terms. The Formosans were the hew- ers of wood and the drawers of water, borrowing money hew Japanese at extravagant rates to pay high Japanese taxes, part of which went back into Japan by indirect means or direct grants, while another large part was used to support the Japanese bureau- cracy and the fortification program. Such money as was spent on irrigation and other projects was invested with the sole purpose of providing more food for Japan.
Brother Asiatics
The Japanese claim that they and the Formosan-Chinese are brother Asiatics, but they maintain the position of a tyrannical elder, and supposedly wiser, brother. The island has been governed by Japanese who were appointed by the imperial government and advised by local Japanese business men. To these men and their children went the best jobs, the best schools, medical care, in other words, the gravy.
The Formosans got what was left, plus a large dose of propaganda about how well off they were under Japanese rule. On the whole this never went down very well with the Formosan-Chinese, who was proud of his heritage of Chinese culture.
Some of the aborigines, impressed by Japanese strength, joined Japanese labor battalions, but most of the savages remain apathetic or absolutely hostile to Japan. The entire population is restless and the "Free Formosan Government" of revolutionaries set up in Chungking(重慶) in Free China claims that occasional sabotage continues. The basis of Japanese local government has been the hoko system which appeals to the strong oriental feeling for the family as a unit. Ten families make up a ho, with a headman who is responsible for the activities of all the families under him. Ten ho make up a ko, and similar joint responsibility. Each ho or ko is responsible for the activities of all its members with appropriate punishment for all if one commits a crime.
Mountains and plains
Formosa is an island shaped like an elm leaf, 249 miles long Mountains and plains in a north-south direction and 93 miles wide at the widest point. The inhospitable east coast is lined with several ranges of mountains which come down to the coast in spectacular cliffs several hundred feet high. Two of the mountains, Mt. Morrison (玉山) (Niitaka) and Mt. Sylvia(雪山) (Tsugitaka) are about 14,000 feet high-the tallest in the Japanese Empire. What few rivers there are in this region are short and swift, often flowing through deep gorges. Toward the western coast, long gentle slopes end in a broad coastal plain. The Pescadores to the west consist of seven flat, wind-swept minor islands and 56 minute islets, with a total area of only 48 square miles.
The island lies across the Tropic of Cancer, the dividing line between tropical and temperate regions. Its location gives Formosa value to Japan, for here for the first time Japan was able to get tropical raw materials. At low levels, the temperature of Formosa resembles that of Florida. Frost is very rare, snow, even on the mountains, is almost unknown. In the winter the dry season- the northeast monsoons prevail, while in the summer, the southern monsoons bring rain and storms. Typhoons, which occur chiefly between April and December, are frequent and violent, with winds sometimes reaching a velocity of 86 miles per hour. During the winter season, rainfall is about five inches a month, falling in heavy showers. Rainfall on the windward slopes is higher than on the leeward side. A volcanic area, Formosa experiences as many as 330 earthquakes a year, but few of them are serious.
Vegetation is generally luxuriant and tropical in character. From the palms and tropical fruit trees of the western plain, it is only a short step to the slopes of the lower mountains with their dense jungles of various growths-the many-trunked banyans, the graceful tree-ferns that often attain the height of palms, and the ever-present bamboo grass. Here is found a profusion of flowers, such as the butterfly orchid, and the pink azalea, while the trees are festooned with long streamers of moss. A little higher are plateaus covered with camphor laurel, the largest tracts of these trees in the world, while still higher up grow the forests of pines, spruce, and cedar. Here is found the giant benihi, the second largest tree in the world, similar to the redwoods of California, and the valuable hinoki or Japanese cypress. Still higher the rocky peaks of the mountains are but sparsely covered with bushes.
Although there is an abundance of vegetation, there is little wild life. Birds are relatively rare. Many water buffaloes and cattle, the common beasts of burden on the farm, are found. Snakes constitute the only real problem; there are 11 known poisonous land and eight sea varieties. Avoidance of all of them is advised.
現在來談這裡的人吧
儘管日本統治了福爾摩沙50年，島上只有大約30萬的日本平民，對比來說原住民有14萬，而福爾摩沙華人則有550萬。這些福爾摩沙華人並非都一樣，當中大多數來自中國大陸的福建地區，就在該島之西。他們是好客有禮的族群，定居在各個低海拔的農業地區。來自中國大陸廣東及福建丘陵地區的客家人，背景同吉普賽人差不多；他們保留著自己的生活方式與穿著，住在西北部及山腳下等地方，與當地原住民通婚。再來，第三個福爾摩沙華人族群是人數約10萬的廣東人，操著他們的語言，居住在城市裡，但幾乎都被當作是外國人。
所有的這些福爾摩沙華人族群與中國大陸的往來很緊密—不是跟整個中國，而是與他們的家鄉。他們最普通的聯繫方式就是書寫的文字，使用不同方言的人皆可看懂。100個人中只有約45個人能講著流利的日語，總的來說，他們很聰明但以自我為中心，只對自己生活的地方感興趣。大多數福爾摩沙人(台灣人)對於美國或其盟友知之甚少或一無所知，因為日本早已注意到如何只讓他們聽到日本的世界新聞版本。在跟陌生人打交道時，他們大部份都很狡詐，但在跟朋友一起時，他們很開放、慷慨和善良。他們鄙視日本人，但是通常會遵循抵抗最少的路線，來服從其征服者。一般來說，客家人的身材最高，而頂著高高頭髻的客家婦女，從未依循那讓許多福建老婦跛腳的纏腳作法。這些客家人喜歡冒險與好鬥；他們正是一直最積極反日的一群。
正常情況下，日本平民分散於島上各處的行政單位。高階行政人員並不會將自己視為福爾摩沙人(台灣人)，而是因工作而必須離開日本一段時間的公務員。然而，大多數來福爾摩沙的日本人其目的是要快速致富並且留在此地生活。他們野心十足，對待福爾摩沙華人非常傲慢，他們想要維持其身分的渴望強烈到堅持在城市中將自己隔離並享有不同待遇，甚至從日本及韓國進口特別的妓女和藝伎供其使用。從身體方面來說，這些日本人長得矮胖結實，很像最低階層的日本漁夫和農民。
And now, the people
In spite of 50 years of Japanese rule, there are only about 300,000 Japanese civilians on the island, as opposed to 140,000 savages and 5,500,000 Formosan-Chinese, These Formosan-Chinese are not all alike. Most of them come from the Fukien district of China, just to the west of the island. They are a hospitable and amiable people who have settled throughout most of the farming districts in the lowlands. The Hakka people, who come from the hills of Fukien and Kwantung provinces in China, have a background not unlike that of gypsies; they retain their own ways and dress and keep to themselves in the northwest and in the foothills where they have intermarried with the aborigines. Still a third group of Formosan-Chinese, speaking their own dialect, are the 100,000 Cantonese who live chiefly in the cities, where they are regarded almost as foreigners
Among all these Formosan-Chinese groups ties with the mainland of China are strong-not with China as a whole but with their home district. Their common means of communication with the written characters which they can all read, no matter what their dialect. Only about 45 out of every hundred can speak any Japanese at all. As a whole, they are intelligent but self-centered interested only in their own locality. Most Formosans know little or nothing of the United States or the other Allies for the Japanese have seen to it that only their own version of world news is heard. In dealing with strangers they are apt to be crafty, but with friends they are open, generous, and kind. They despise the Japanese but usually follow the line of least resistance and obey their conquer- ors. The Hakka people are generally the tallest, and their women, who wear their hair in a high top-knot, have never followed the practice of foot-binding which cripples so many of the oldest Fu- kien women. These Hakka are adventurous and warlike; it is they who have always been most actively anti-Japanese.
In normal times the Japanese civilians were scattered about the island in administrative posts. The top administrators did not look upon themselves as Formosans, but as public servants who must put in a period of service away from Japan. The majority of the Japanese however were men who came to Formosa to get rich quick, and to stay. They were aggressive and arrogant to- ward the Formosan-Chinese. So strong was their desire to main- tain their identity that they insisted upon segregating themselves in the cities, even importing special Japanese and Korean prosti- tutes and geisha girls for their own use. Physically, these Japanese are short and stocky, resembling the lowest class of Japanese fishermen and farmers.
原初的福爾摩沙人
最初的福爾摩沙人是原住民，被日本人和中國人稱為「野蠻人」。目前他們分成兩類，（1）大約11萬6千人被稱為平埔蕃（被征服的、歸化的野蠻人/蕃人），他們宣誓效忠日本，並在不同程度上接受了中國文明。（2）生蕃（未被征服的野蠻人），基本上未受到外來的影響，也正是這些「未被征服的野蠻人」一直在製造動亂。在身體與文化方面，他們跟菲律賓呂宋島北方的山地民族及東印度群島某些山地部族極其相似。從外觀上來看，他們在某些方面讓人聯想到南美印地安人的一族。他們分為許多部落，彼此之間差異極大，而且對彼此憎恨的程度只略少於對中國與日本那些圖利的入侵者。奇怪的是，荷蘭人善待他們的傳說依舊在他們當中某些人之間流傳著，他們也對一些白人很友善，不過這樣的指望可能會是錯誤的。可能他們已經忘了他們自己的歷史，他們是驕傲且獨立的民族，反應機敏同時身強體健，是優秀的獵人、漁夫和伐木工人。但是離開山上的家之後，容易學壞。他們在性關係之中非常有道德意識；他們也像孩子一樣為情感所操控，在大喜大怒的情緒之間不斷交替。他們最不好的習慣是獵人頭，在北部及中部山脈的部落裡，擁有敵人的人頭大大增加了年輕人的性感度。稍稍讓人安慰的是明瞭他們並非食人族，同時西部地區的部族也鮮少幹這件事。在與這些當地人的來往關係中，日本人採取的不是慘忍就是堅定的手段，使用瓦斯毒氣、飛機及火砲以及其它更精巧的文明武器。這些方法當然很成功，但野蠻人的數目越來越少，就像原始社會與不友善的較高文明勢力接觸時經常發生的結果一樣。日本的政策就是將他們留在山裡，只有在他們向低地進軍時才會攻擊之。
The original Formosans
The original Formosans were the aborigines, called "savages" by both Japanese and Chinese. At present they are divided into two classes (1) about 116,000 who are called Pe-pa-hwan (sub- dued savages) who have sworn allegiance to the Japanese and adopted Chinese civilization in varying degrees, and (2) the Chin- hwan (wild savages) who are largely untouched by outside influ- ence. It is these "wild savages" who have been continual trouble- makers. Physically and culturally they resemble the mountain peoples of northern Luzon in the Philippines and certain other mountain tribes in the East Indies. In appearance they remind one in some ways of South American Indians. They are divided into numerous tribes, differing considerably among themselves and hating each other only slightly less than the Chinese and Japanese interlopers. Curiously enough, the legend that they were well treated by the Dutch still persists among some of them and they
have been kind to some white men, but it would be a mistake to count on it. They may have forgotten their history. They are a proud and independent people, agile and physically tough, superb hunters, fishermen, and woodsmen, but apt to deteriorate when away from their mountain homes. In their sex relations they are highly moral. Like children they give way to their feelings, alternating between periods of great joy and fits of anger. Their least attractive habit is head-hunting; for among the tribes of the north and central mountain ranges the possession of an enemy's head adds greatly to a young man's sex appeal. It is only slightly reassuring to know that they are not also cannibals, or that some of the western tribes rarely practice the sport. In their relations with these natives, the Japanese have always used a firm, if not cruel, hand, employing poison gas, airplanes, and artillery as well as the subtler weapons of civilization. These methods have been only fairly successful, but the number of savages has gradually declined as usually happens when a primitive society comes into. contact with an unfriendly higher civilization. Japanese policy has been to keep them in their mountains, attacking them only when they made forays into the lowlands.
宗教信仰
奉行「皇民化」政策的日本人，試圖透過政府的補貼來強迫這些人接受他們的神道教，並崇敬天皇與他們的祖先。大部份的福爾摩沙華人雖然被強迫在家裡設有神社，但保有他們原本的宗教信仰，一種在中國行之已久，結合祭拜祖先、佛教、儒家思想及道教的民間信仰。原住民則是萬物有靈論，崇敬活在樹木、岩石與動物之中的靈魂。戰前，基督宗教傳教士們在福爾摩沙華人中的福傳成果大概有7,500名天主教友及41,000名長老會信友。
在日本統治下，教育只是「皇民化運動」的另一個工具，日本人的孩子受到良好的教育，而福爾摩沙華人的孩子則只接受初級的教育，其目標只是要教他們學習日語。有一所大學在台北，同樣主要是給日本人的。所有報紙都由日本人所掌握，以日文印刷。無線電收音機也是一樣，只是因為很少人買得起，其重要性便沒那麼高。
Religion
The Japanese, pursuing their policy of "Japanization", have tried by government subsidization to force on these people their own Shinto religion, the worship of the Emperor and ancestors. Most of the Formosan-Chinese, although forced to keep Shinto shrines in their homes, have retained their own religion, a com- bination of the folk-beliefs of ancestor-worship, Buddhism, Con- fucianism, and Taoism as practiced in China. The aborigines are animists, worshipping spirits living in trees and rocks and animals. Christian missionary activity among the Formosan-Chinese before
the war produced about 7,500 Catholics and 41,000 Presbyterians.
Under the Japanese, education was but another vehicle in "Japanization"(皇民化運動). Japanese children were well educated, but Formosan- Chinese children received only a rudimentary education, and that was aimed chiefly at teaching them Japanese. The one university is at Taihoku; this again is reserved largely for Japanese. All news- papers are controlled by the Japanese, and printed in that language. The same applies to the radio, which is of less importance since few people can afford a set.
健康情況
日本人在對抗疫情上取得一些進展，但對身體健康依舊存在諸多風險。人口眾多的城市的衛生還有極大的改善空間，人們往往很髒而且蟲害不斷。不應該生食，原因為人類的糞便是普遍的肥料。所有的水皆須煮沸或處理過。下列疾病很常見：瘧疾、登革熱、傷寒、阿米巴痢疾，各式性病、斑疹傷寒、回歸熱、結核病及流感—差不多所有疾病都在本書了。寄生蟲病特別流行。生食或未處理好的魚是非常危險的帶菌體。因為從4月到10月直接曝曬在陽光下對白人而言很危險，因此建議佩戴帽子來保護。
城市擁擠的狀況讓健康問題更加惡化，美國人難以想像東方城市的樣貌，例如小販的叫賣聲、中國式葬禮的鞭炮、木屐或木底鞋的噠噠聲、大量穿著藍衣的中國人和難聞的氣味。雖然有些相當現代的區域，但大部份的城市跟美國的城市幾乎毫無相似之處。臺北（人口34萬）是最大的城市，位在島的北端，基隆港（人口10萬）就在其東邊。另外兩個主要城市在西南沿岸，台南（人口13萬1千）和打狗（人口11萬8千）。但由於福爾摩沙主要是一座農業島嶼，大多數人散居在農村或是田野間的木造或泥作房屋裡，周圍是高高的竹林圍籬，用來預防土匪及野蠻人。
Health points
The Japanese made some progress against epidemics, but there are still many hazards to good health. Sanitation in the crowded cities leaves much to be desired for the people tend to be dirty and infested with vermin. Raw food should not be eaten because human excrement is a common fertilizer. All water must be boiled or treated. The following diseases are prevalent: malaria, dengue fever, typhoid, amoebic dysentery, all venereal diseases, typhus,relapsing fever, tuberculosis, influenza just about every disease in the book aan especially dange prevalent; raw or inde disease tooked fish is an especialprit angerous carrier. Since directately posure to the sun from protective pugh October is a serious risk for whites, some sort of protective head-gear should be worn.
The health problem is aggravated by the crowded condition of the cities. An Oriental city is incredible to an American, with the shouting of the peddlers, the firecrackers of a Chinese funeral pro session, the clatter of the geta or wooden clogs, the masses of blue- clad Chinese, the strange smells. Although there are some rather clodern sections most of the cities will bear little resemblance to anything American. The largest city is Taihoku (population 340, 000) at the north end of the island, with the port of Keelung (popu- lation 100,000) just to the east. On the southwestern coast lie the other two main cities, Tainan (population 131,000) and Takao (population 118,000). But since Formosa is primarily an agricul tural island, the majority of the people live in scattered villages or in wood and mud houses in the fields, surrounded by tall bamboo hedges to keep away bandits and savages.
他們如何維生
雖然有一些採礦、紡織品生產和金屬加工，但主要的工作不是農業就是農產品加工。大部份的土地由農民以小塊土地形式擁有或是以高利率向大公司承租。稻米為主要作物；由於氣候如此完美，泥濘的水稻田裡每年可以有兩次的收獲，至於旱田則是一年一獲。稻米由政府專賣，其價格和分配受到嚴格監管。其它政府專賣的是鹽、樟腦、鴉片、菸草和酒。一年種植的甘蔗大概有1,300萬公噸，但是福爾摩沙人(台灣人)獲得的極少，大部份都出口到日本。大部份的茶葉種植區是在島嶼的西北部。烏龍茶是出口的主力，但香氣出色的包種茶也有種植。大量的香蕉、鳳梨和其它熱帶水果被運往日本。一開始，日本打算限制鴉片生產的數量，但這項政策已經改變；今日，作為日本的盟友，鴉片扮演了雙重角色：為他們帶來金錢，同時削弱人民的抵抗意志。在澎湖列島，捕魚依舊是主要產業。福爾摩沙的繁榮因為交通網路的缺乏而受阻，雖然東西兩岸都有鐵路，這兩個系統並沒有在介於其間的山脈中有所連接。在某些地區，由苦力在窄軌鐵道上推著的小車是唯一的交通工具。
世界上十分之九的天然樟腦供應量來自福爾摩沙，中國的伐木工人砍伐了巨大的樹，而其他人則防備野蠻人。切片在原油蒸餾器裡進行蒸餾，每棵樹可產出大概5千美元的樟腦，除了樟腦，遼闊的森林每年還生產了數百萬板英尺的木材。
當日本人佔領福爾摩沙時，他們很明智，因為對他們來說這是座巨大的倉庫。但雖然他們將他視為一艘指向南方的不沈的航母，但在我們手裡，它指向北方，朝向日本。
How they earn their living
Although there are some mining, textile manufacturing, and metal work, the chief activities are either agriculture or the processing of agricultural products. Most of the land is owned in small plots by farmers or rented from large concerns at high rates. Rice is the main crop; because the climate is so perfect, two crops a year can be grown in the muddy paddies, while the dry fields produce one crop a year. Rice is a government monopoly, and its price and distribution are carefully regulated. Other government monopolies are salt, camphor, opium, tobacco, and alcohol. Approximately 13,000,000 tons of sugar cane are grown a year but the Formosans get little of it; most of it is exported to Japan. Most of the tea plantations are in the northwest part of the island. Oolong is the principal type export but the scented Pouchong is also produced. Large quantities of bananas, pineapples, and other tropical fruits are sent to Japan. The Japanese at first tried to limit the amount of opium(鴉片) produced, but this policy has been changed; today opium plays a double role as an ally of the Japanese, bringing them money and weakening the will of the people to resist. In the Pescadores, fishing is still the chief industry. Formosa's prosperity is hampered by the lack of communications, for, although there are railroads on both the east and west coasts, the two systems have not been connected over the intervening moun- tain ranges. Little cars pushed by coolies on narrow-guage tracks are the only means of transportation in some sections.
Nine-tenths of the world's supply of natural camphor comes from Formosa. Chinese loggers cut the giant trees, while others stand guard against the savages. The chips are distilled in crude stills, each tree producing about $5,000 worth of camphor. In addition to camphor, the vast forests yield millions of board feet of lumber a year.
The Japanese were wise when they took Formosa, for it has been a vast storehouse for them. But, although they thought to use it as an unsinkable aircraft carrier pointing south, in our hands it points north, toward Japan.
南西諸島/琉球群島
像一張網橫跨在東海東方入口處的是一串名為南西諸島的日本島嶼，旅行者也稱之為琉球群島。雖然他們對日本經濟的重要性很小，其地理位置賦予他們無比的戰略價值。他們控制著在福建與上海間通往中國沿岸的海域，在日本人手中，東海變成了一座日本的湖。
它們實際上從福爾摩沙以東約97公里（60英哩）處延伸大概918公里（570英哩），差不多到日本主要島嶼九州島的南端。這些島沒有一座大的，但它們有足夠的空間允許來建造機場和和補給站。有好幾座優良的戰艦及輔助艦隊的停泊港散佈在這串島嶼之間，它們和日本許多部份一樣現代，跟較為原始的密克羅尼西亞群島截然不同。
它們為所有從福爾摩沙出發對抗日本本土的部隊提供了真正的「通往日本的跳板」。
他們的歷史先於我們的
南西群島對我們美國年輕人而言是一個很好的提醒，中國人早在唐高宗永徽元年（主曆650）便有其人民前往這些島嶼的紀錄，據信那時正是天孫開始統治這些島嶼不久。他的後代一直統治到被日本源氏家族後裔、遭日本放逐的舜天（Shunten）粗暴地攆下王位。明太祖洪武5年（主曆1372），中國要求流求王國（當時之名）進貢，當時的國王照做了，同時也與當時的日本統治者保持友好。但到了16世紀末，當時的國王拒絕協助日本對抗韓國時，結果他就慘了；在處理完韓國的事情後，薩摩王子來到流求，迫使國王承認日本的統治。國王同意但也同時繼續朝貢中國，對一個左鄰右舍皆是強權的小國來說，實屬艱辛。
因此，事情一直持續到清光緒5年（主曆1879）的日本，她於20 年前因佩里准將而向西方文明開放，開始對散佈在她所有島嶼上所有半獨立的王國和諸侯進行鞏固。
NANSEI SHOTO
Spread like a net across the eastern entrance to the East China Sea is a string of Japanese islands called Nansei Shoto or "Schina Sestern Islands." They are also known to travelers as the Ryukyu Islands or the Loochoo Islands. While they have little economic Importance to Japan, their location gives them immense strategic value. They command the sea approaches to the China coast be- valeen Foochow and Shanghai and in Japanese hands have made the East China Sea a Nipponese lake.
They actually extend some 570 miles from a point 60 miles east of Formosa almost to the southern tip of Kyushu Island, one of the main islands of Japan. None is very large, but they provide enough area to permit construction of airfields and supply depots. Several excellent anchorages for war vessels and fleet auxiliaries are scattered through the chain. They are as modern as many sec- tions of Japan and are quite different from the more primitive Micronesian Islands.
They provide real "Stepping Stones to Japan" for any force moving from Formosa against the Japanese homeland.
Their history antedates ours
The Nansei Islands are a good reminder to Americans of the youth of our country. The Chinese have records of their people going to the islands as early as 650 A. D. while the first king of the islands, Tinsunshi, "Grandson of Heaven", is believed to have started his reign not long thereafter. His descendants ruled until shoved rudely from their throne by Shunten, scion of the Japanese Minamoto family, who had been expelled from Japan. In 1372 China demanded that the Kingdom of Loochoo (as it was then known) pay tribute and the island kingdom did, keeping up its friendship at the same time with the rulers of Japan. But near the end of the 16th century when the king refused to help the Japanese against the Koreans, he was in trouble. After settling with the Koreans, the Prince of Satsuma descended on Loochoo and forced the king to acknowledge Japanese rule. He agreed but also continued to pay tribute to China. It's not easy for a small country with powerful neighbors.
So matters continued until 1879 when the Japanese, opened up to western civilization by Commodore Perry 20 years before, began consolidating all the semi-independent kingdoms and principalities scattered through her islands. The Loochoo or Nansei
A prayer before battle
Almighty God, we are about to be committed to a task from which some of us will not return. We go willingly to this hazardous adventure.
We are ready to sacrifice ourselves for our country and our God. We do not ask, individually, for our safe return. But we earnestly pray that You will help each of us to do his full duty.
Permit none of us to fail a comrade in the fight. Above all, sustain us in our conviction of the justice and righteousness of our cause so that we may rise above all terror of the enemy and come to You, if called, in the humble pride of a good soldier and in the certainty of Your infinite merry. Amen!
This prayer is contributed by General Dwight D. Eisenhower for a “Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Prayer Book” with a letter commenting:
“Here is a prayer that I once heard a company commander repeating to his men on a wet, cold night, just before starting a march to the front line. It struck me more forcibly than almost any other I have heard. Possibly the drama of the occasion had something to do with my reactions, but in any event it was a better prayer than I could compose. While I cannot repeat it verbatim I am sending it in words that approximate the original.”
臨陣祈禱文
全能的天主，我們即將投入一項無法全身而退的任務，我們願意參加這次的危險旅程。
我們已經做好為國為主犧牲的準備，我們不求個人的平安歸來，但懇切求祢助佑我們每個人都善盡職責。
不讓任何人在戰鬥中背棄同袍，更重要的是，請堅定我們對正義的信念與正道的初衷，如此我們才能在蒙祢召喚之時，以一個好士兵的謙遜與自負出脫於敵人的魔掌而奔向祢，並盡享祢永遠的福樂。阿門！
這篇祈禱文乃狄威特-艾森豪將軍提供給《士兵與水手的祈禱書》，包括一篇短箋評注：
「這篇祈禱文是我有一次在一個濕冷的夜晚，聽到一位連長在部隊準備開拔到前線時，不斷重複念給他的士兵們。這比我聽過的其它祈禱文都來得強而有力，或許這場合的戲劇性跟我的反應有關，不過無論如何，它都勝過我自己所能說出的禱文；雖然我無法一字不差地重複這段禱文，但我盡力以接近原意的文字傳達之。」
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